Endocrine Glands, Adrenal Glands, Thyroid Gland, Pancreas And Diabetes

Front 1

What gland releases somatotropin (growth hormone)?

What does this hormone do?

Back 1

- Anterior pituitary (found in brain)

- Dramatically increases blood sugar levels.

Front 2

Adrenal glands

1

Back 2

= Mineralocorticoids

- Secreted by zona glomerulosa in adrenal cortex.

- E.g. aldosterone

- Help regulate blood volume, blood levels of K and Na ions.

- Stimulates excretion of K ions.

- Stimulates reabsorption of Na ions.

- Draws in water so increases blood volume and pressure (indirectly)

Hint 2

- Hormone

- Where secreted from

- What is does.

Front 3

Adrenal glands

2

Back 3

= Zona Glomerulosa

- Outer layer of adrenal cortex

- Secretes mineralocorticoids.

Hint 3

What

Where

What is secretes

Front 4

Adrenal glands

3

Back 4

= Glucocorticoids

- Secreted by zona fasciculata in adrenal cortex.

- 2 major = cortisol and cortisone/hydrocortisone

- Released following biological stress = stress hormones.

- Anti-inflammatory and promote gluconeogenesis.

- Also causes immunodepression.

Hint 4

- Hormone

- Where secreted from

- What it does

Front 5

Adrenal glands

4

Back 5

= Adrenal cortex

- Secretes three important groups of steroid hormones.

- Their release is regulated by ACTH which is released from anterior pituitary.

Front 6

Adrenal glands

5

Back 6

= Zona fasciculata

- Middle region of adrenal cortex

- Secretes glucocorticoids.

Hint 6

What

where

What is secretes

Front 7

Adrenal glands

6

Back 7

= Sex steroids = adrenal androgens

- Secreted by zona reticularis of adrenal cortex.

- Stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

- Little effect in males.

- Increases sex drive in females.

Hint 7

Hormone

Where secreted from

What it does

Front 8

Adrenal glands

7

Back 8

= Zona reticularis.

- Inner region of adrenal cortex.

- Secretes sex steroids.

Hint 8

What

where

what it secretes

Front 9

Adrenal glands

8

Back 9

= Adrenaline (80%) and noradrenaline (20%) (catecholines)

- Secreted by adrenal medulla.

- Prepares body in emergencies = fight or flight response.

- Increase heart rate and force of contraction = increased blood flow to muscles.

- Increase breakdown of fats and stimulate breakdown of glycogen into glucose = sudden release of sugar into blood

Hint 9

Hormone

where secreted from

what it does

Front 10

Adrenal glands

9

Back 10

= Adrenal medulla

- Inner region of the adrenal glands

- Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Front 11

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Back 11

- 2 glands

- Triangular in shape

- One superior (cranial) to each kidney (sat on top of kidney)

Front 12

What regulates production of hormones from adrenal cortex?

Back 12

= ACTH (adrenalcorticotrophic hormone)

- Released by anterior pituitary.

- Without it adrenal cortex atrophies.

Front 13

Gluconeogenesis

Back 13

= Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates such as proteins or lipids

- Promoted by glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone.

- Increases breakdown of fats and proteins.

- Converts them into different sources of energy.

- Glucose and fatty acids are released into circulatory system and taken up by tissues as energy sources.

- Happens when on a diet

Front 14

Back 14

= Goitre

- Can develop from both hyper and hypothyroidism.

Front 15

Back 15

= Thyroid gland

- Secretes 3 hormones

1. Triiodothyronine (T3)

2. Thyroxyne (T4)

3. Calcitonin

- They increase metabolic activity.

Hint 15

Gland

What is secretes (3)

What they do

Front 16

Disorders of the adrenal cortex

Back 16

1. Androgenital syndrome

2. Addison's disease

3. Cushing's syndrome

Front 17

Androgenital syndrome

Back 17

= Excess sex steroids

= Masculisation of females e.g. muscles and body hair.

Front 18

Addison's disease

Back 18

= Adrenocortical insufficiency

- Decreased secretion of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex.

- Reduced response to adrenaline and noradrenaline

- Can be fatal if not corrected.

Front 19

Cushing's syndrome

Back 19

= Excess of cortisol.

- Depressed immune system

- Stretch marks by prevention of formation of collagen and elastin fibres in skin.

- Catabolism of protein = muscle wasting

- Decrease protein synthesis

- Weakening of bones.

- Increase BP and blood glucose

- Body fat redistributed from lower to upper parts of body.

Front 20

Hypothyroidism

Back 20

= Not enough thyroid hormones.

- Infants = cretinism.

- Adults:

- Decreased metabolic rate

- Weight gain, reduced appetite.

- Dry, cold skin

- Weak, flabby skeletal muscles, sluggish.

- Myxedema

- Apathetic, sleepy.

- Course hair, rough skin.

- Decreased iodine uptake.

- Possible goiter.

Front 21

Hyperthyroidism

Back 21

= Excess thyroid hormones.

- Increased metabolic rate.

- Weight loss/increased appetite.

- Warm, flushed skin.

- Weak muscles with tremors.

- Exophthalmia (protruding eyes)

- Hyperactivity/insommnia.

- Soft, smooth hair and skin.

- Increased iodine uptake.

- Goiter.

Front 22

What two organ systems does the pancreas belong to?

Back 22

Digestive

Endocrine

Front 23

What is the endocrine part of the pancreas?

Back 23

Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) randomly scattered throughout the pancreas.

Front 24

What are the two pairs of antagonistic hormone that the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produce?

Back 24

1.

Insulin and glucagon

2.

Ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide.

Front 25

What two hormones are involved in the control of blood sugar?

Back 25

Insulin and glucagon

Front 26

What two hormones are involved in the control of appetite?

Back 26

Ghrelin and

pancreatic polypeptide.

Front 27

Type of Islet cell that produces insulin

Back 27

Beta (70%)

Front 28

Type of Islet cell that produces glucagon

Back 28

Alpha (5-20%)

Front 29

Type of islet cell that produces Ghrelin

Back 29

Epsilon cells

Front 30

Type of islet cell that produces pancreatic polypeptide

Back 30

PP cells

Front 31

Hunger hormone

Back 31

= Ghrelin.

- Levels spike just before you eat meals.

- Binds to hypothalamus to induce hunger.

- Released by epsilon cells

Front 32

Satiety hormone (makes you feel full after food)

Back 32

= Pancreatic polypeptide

- Released after eaten protein or fat.

Front 33

What are low level of pancreatic polypeptide hormone linked to?

Back 33

Obesity and type II diabetes mellitus

Front 34

What are high levels of pancreatic polypeptide hormone levels linked to?

Back 34

Anorexia Nervosa

Front 35

Hormone that increases blood sugar

Back 35

Glucagon

Front 36

True/false

Every alpha and beta cell is in contact with a blood vessel

Back 36

True.

Alpha cells produces glycogen

Beta cells detects raised blood sugar and produces insulin

Front 37

Action of glucagon

Back 37

1.Increases blood glucose levels

2. Act on liver.

3. Induces production of glycogen phosphorylase.

4. This initiates the splitting of glycogen and so the release of glucose.

Front 38

Action of insulin

Back 38

1. Only hormone that can lower blood sugar.

2. Relies on a protein =Glut4 (=glucose transporter)

3. Glut4 moves to cell membrane and fuses to it. Allows glucose to enter cell.

Front 39

Effects of insulin

Back 39

1. Lowers blood glucose

2. Increases uptake of glucose by cells.

3. Increases formation of glycogen (insoluble) from glucose (soluble) by the liver.

4. Increases lipid synthesis when run out of storage space for glycogen, so get fat.

5. Tells cells to take up amino acids = increase protein synthesis particularly muscle growth.

Front 40

Two types of diabetes.

Back 40

- Type I = Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

- Type II = Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

- Gestational diabetes =develops during pregnancy

Front 41

Type I diabetes

Back 41

= Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

- Controlled with insulin injections

- Auto immune disease which results in destruction of Beta cells = little/no insulin production.

- 10% of diabetes sufferers.

- Usually children and young adults.

Front 42

Type II diabetes

Back 42

= Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

- Resistance to the action of insulin. (insulin receptor on cells blocked)

- Generally found in people over 40 and overweight.

- Possible link between type II and high fructose corn syrup (found in sweetener/processed food)

Front 43

Type I diabetes linked with ?

Back 43

Mumps virus

Alzheimer's disease as linked to build up of amyloid deposits in the brain.

Front 44

What is diabetes mellitus characterised by?

Back 44

= hyperglycaemia.

- blood sugar >7.5 mmol.

Front 45

What organ dysfunction/damage is chronic hyperglycaemia associated with?

Back 45

- eyes

- kidneys

- nerves

- heart

- blood vessels.

Front 46

Gestational diabetes

Back 46

- 4% of pregnancies

- Linked to high levels of progesterone during pregnancy.

- High birth weight babies

- Increased risk of type II later in life.

Front 47

Symptoms of diabetes

Back 47

1. Hyperglycaemia

2. Polyuria (passing large amounts of urine)

3. Glycosuria (sugar in urine)

4. Polydipsia (persistent thirst)

5. Ketoacidosis (smells like pear drops)

6. Polyphagia (always hungry)

Hint 47

6

Front 48

Ketoacidosis

Back 48

- Cells not able to take up glucose (=starving)

- Stress hormones (cortisol) released from adrenal cortex.

- Promotes fat breakdown to provide energy for cells.

- During lipolysis ketones are released into blood leading to ketoacidosis and maybe coma.

Front 49

Consequences of diabetes.

Back 49

1. Atherosclerosis (build up of fatty deposits/plaque in blood vessels.

2. Damage to endothelium of blood vessels

3. Peripheral vascular disease.

4. Claudication (limping)

5. Diabetic foot.

6. Angina

7. MI

8. Diabetic retinopathy

Hint 49

8