Educational Psychology

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During music class, Lisa enthusiastically sings aloud with her class, but the teacher comments, "Lisa, please...you sound like an owl in a torture chamber." Lisa turns bright red. The next week she feels ill when it is time to go to music class again. Feeling anxiety at the prospect of going to music class is an example of

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Classical conditioning

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In the above example involving Lisa, feeling ill at the prospect of going to music class served as the

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Conditioned response

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A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that brings about an unconditioned response. Through repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the

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Conditioned stimulus will trigger a conditioned response

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Behavioral theories of learning emphasize

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Observable actions

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The principle of contiguity involves an association between

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Two events through pairing

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In an experiment, an electric can opener is used to open a can, and no salivation by the subjects is detected. After a number of pairings between the can opener's operation and food, any time the can opener is used, the subject salivated. The conditioned response in this study is the

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Salivation to the can opener

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The law of effect in Thorndike's theory of learning is related to the concept of

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Consequences

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B.F. Skinner is to _________, as Ivan Pavlov is to _________

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Operant conditioning; classical conditioning

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A consequence is defined by Skinner as a reinforce or punisher depending on whether it

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Increases or decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows

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Mr. Lynch always uses his "mean" face to stop undesirable behavior in his first period class. However, even though he looks at Tommy with his mean face each time Tommy talks our of turn, Tommy is talking out of turn more and more frequently. For Tommy, the mean face is apparently a

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Positive reinforce

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Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior exemplifies

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Negative reinforcement

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You finally take out the garbage to get your father to stop pestering you. Your behavior is influenced by

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Negative reinforcement

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The essential difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is that

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Punishment decreases the behavior while negative reinforcement increases it

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17-year-old Kelly receives a ticket for speeding. Her parents take away the privilege of using the car. Her parents are using

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Removal punishment

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Mr. Smith uses a token economy system in his history class. Whenever Bill breaks a rule, he loses a "chip". If the infraction is major, Bill loses several chips. This is an example of

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Removal punishment

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Yancey turns on the water faucet to get a drink. What schedule of reinforcement typically prevails?

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Continuous

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Slot machines that pay off after an indeterminate number of uses illustrate what schedule of reinforcement?

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Variable-ratio

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During the first few days of class, Mr. Brackman noticed some isolated instances of minor misbehavior such as talking out of turn. His initial approach to dealing with this should probably be to use

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Praise-and-ignore techniques

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The teacher says to Marty "good job," but frowns as he looks at her. According to O'Leary and O'leary, the teacher's praise is NOT

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Believable

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The Premack Principle states that

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A preferred activity is a reinforce for a less-preferred activity

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According to Woolfolk, the best way to determine potential reinforcers is to

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Observe what students choose to do in their free time

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During math lessons, Ms. Olson continually observed Jim reading stories from his English anthology. She has probably found

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An effective reinforce for Jim

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Ms. Johnson's 6th graders complained about diagramming sentences, and they were able to convince her to show a movie first. Ms. Johnson made the common error of

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Using a reinforcer before a low-frequency behavior

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Shaping is an appropriate method for developing new behavior when

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Students are capable of the behavior but seldom perform it

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Which one of the following is a major advantage of task analysis?

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Describes the sequence of skills leading to a goal

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An example of the use of positive practice is having students

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Develop sentences using commonly misused words

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Mrs. Lever allows Nathan to be the first to leave the uncomfortable bus because he has behaved so well on the trip. The technique being used is

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Negative reinforcement

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Which one of the following students is an example of the use of "satiation"?

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Louise makes a rude noise and is forced to continue until she becomes bored.

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Wendy, a 5th grade child, just loves to throw paper airplanes during class. To change Wendy's behavior, the teacher insisted that Wendy throw paper airplanes continually for one hour. What behavioral concept does this illustrate?

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Satiation

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The most effective reprimands are those that are

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Soft and private

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Each time Robert fails to do his homework, five points are deducted from his total course points. The procedure being used by the teacher is

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Response cost

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Mr. Lubinetti sends students to a "time-out box" when they become too physically aggressive during hockey practice. Once they have been seated quietly for at least five minutes, they are allowed to re-enter the game. The chance to leave the time out box is an example of what type of consequence?

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Negative reinforcement

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The Good Behavior Game is based on the application of

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Group consequences

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Woolfolk suggests that programs for promoting group responsibility may be particularly hard on

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Unpopular students who are unable to perform well

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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of peer pressure in applying group consequences? Peer pressure

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May be both a positive and a negative influence

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Mr. Bennett's student teacher suggested using a token reinforcement strategy with his disruptive 6th grade class. The token system was received well by students and soon the class was following the classroom rules. Now that this strategy is working well, the tokens should be distributed

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On an intermittent schedule

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Rewards to be purchased with earned tokens should be

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Varied in price so that all students may be rewarded

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In a contingency contract program, teachers set up

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Individual performance contracts with each student

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Lionel was humiliated when he forgot his lines in a play. Now he refuses to take part in any function of the speech class. Based on the behavioral principles discussed by Woolfolk, the best strategy for Lionel's teacher would be to

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Bring Lionel back into class participation in small steps.

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A common criticism of behavioral methods used to promote learning is that such methods

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Result in decreased interest in learning when rewards are unavailable.

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At what educational level is the direct teaching of classroom rules and procedures more critical for effective classroom management?

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Early elementary

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According to Brophy and Evertson, at what educational level is "maintaining" the management system most important?

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Middle elementary

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According to Woolfolk, one of the best ways to avoid discipline problems is to

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Keep the group focused on productive learning

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Which one of the following time measures would generally have the highest correlation with school achievement?

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Engaged time

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Ms. Rivers has a student, Monika, who has difficulty completing her in-class work. Although Ms. Rivers allows plenty of time for study and Monika is actively working, Monika's efforts appear to be limited by

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Academic learning time

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Sherry's class knows that different behaviors are expected and tolerated during different kinds of activities. It is likely that her class has a good understanding of

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Participation structures

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Mr. Marshall's first two science classes were devoted to demonstrating and explaining rules and procedures in the lab. Based on research involving effective management, this procedure will probably result in

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Time gained over the course of the school year for learning activities.

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The essential differences between rules and procedures is that rules are

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what and what not to do; procedures involve how to do activities.

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When handling in material, Mr. Sprak's students pass their work forward to students in the front row, who then pass the materials from left to right. This approach is an example of classroom

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Procedure

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Based on Woolfolk's recommendations, which of the following rules seems to be more appropriate for elementary school classes than for secondary school classes?

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Do not hit, shove or hurt others

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Which one of the following rules, based on Woolfolk's recommendations seems to be more appropriate for secondary school classes than for elementary school classes?

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Bring all materials to class

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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding effective management of secondary school students?

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Shorter work cycles are used with low-ability students than with other students

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Greg was trying to pass Bill a note, but Bill kept his eyes on his own work and thought, "why does Greg do this to me? Mrs. Pepper will spot him for sure. She never misses anything. You'd think she could read minds." Mrs. Pepper could be described as exhibiting what characteristic?

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Withitness

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According to Jounin's strategy for effective management, the key goal is

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Preventing misbehavior from occuring

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Jeremiah throws his book at Sally, but Mrs. Fox mistakenly reprimands Sally for the disruption. Mrs. Fox has made what kind of error?

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Target

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Kathy's student teacher works well with small groups, but she finds it difficult to keep track of the rest of the class during small group sessions. Kathy should work with her student teacher to develop

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Overlapping

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In movement management, a major problem is to

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Backing up frequently

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Woolfolk suggests that, as a first stop toward dealing with a discipline problem, teachers should

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Give the student a nonverbal signal to stop

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Ms. Summers teaches 6th grade in a rural middle school. Henry, a student in her class, is constantly out of his seat. When Ms. Summers confronts him and asks him to take a seat, Henry becomes angry and acts hostile. Which of the following actions should be considered for dealing with Henry?

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Wait for a few minutes for Henry to calm down before taking action

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Wendy, a 9th grader, is very bright and energetic in class. She always knows the right answer and pays close attention. Her only problem is that she rarely hands in homework. Her teacher should

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Enforce the established consequences for incomplete work.