Earth Science October 2023

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a combination of a unique set of minerals with properties that differentiate them from others

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Rock

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It is naturally occurring, inorganic, homogenous solid, with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered crystalline structure.

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Mineral

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This physical property of a mineral refers to the certain wavelengths of light that are reflected by a mineral and is perceived by the observer

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Color

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Give the 3 classifications of minerals according to color

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Idiochromatic, allochromatic, and pseudochromatic

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This classification of minerals according to color are known as self colored minerals

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Idiochromatic

ex: malachite green

sulfur yellow

rodochrosite red

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This classification of minerals according to color are known as "color is not a reliable diagnostic property since small impurities may drastically change their color" (color not reliable)

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Allochromatic

ex: Quartz

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This classification of minerals according to color are known as "False Colored minerals" (colors due to light diffraction)

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Pseudochromatic

ex: Bornite, Labradorite

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This physical property of minerals is the appearance of a minerals surface and is dependent on how it reflects light

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Luster

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Give the types of luster

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Pearly, Silky, dull, earthy, resinous, adamantine, vitreous, metallic

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This physical property of minerals is the color of the powdered form of the mineral

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Streak

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This physical property of minerals is the tendency of minerals to break along flat surfaces

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Cleavage

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Types of cleavage

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Basal, Prismatic, Non-prismatic, cubic, rhombohedral, octahedral, sphalerite

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This physical property of minerals is the pattern in which minerals breaks aside from its planes of cleavage

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Fracture

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types of fracture

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Conchoidal, Jagged, Splintery, Uneven

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This physical property of minerals is the resistance of the minerals to scratching

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Hardness

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This physical property of minerals is the ratio of a minerals weight to the weight of an equal volume of water

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Specific Gravity

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This physical property of minerals is the characteristic shape in which a mineral grows and is a projection of the minerals crystal structure

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Crystal habit

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Types of crystal habit

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Acicular, Blocky, Tabular, Fibrous, Bladed, Dendritic, Prismatic

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This chemical property of minerals refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified temp

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Solubility

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this chemical property of a mineral refers to the temp at which solid turns into liquid

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Melting point

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this is an aggregate of mineral or minerals which may or may not contain organic matter.

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Rock

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This is made out of rocks

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Geosphere

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Is a model used to describe how rocks are formed, broken down, and reformed into other types of rocks

Any types of rock can be a raw material of another rock

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Rock cycle

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Rocks are classified into three types

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Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks, Metamorphic Rocks

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These rocks are formed from cooling of molten magma

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Igneous rocks

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these rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks and fossils of organisms.

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Sedimentary rocks

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these rocks are formed from pre existing rocks through heat and pressure

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Metamorphic rocks

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The formation of igneous rocks can be classified into 2 types

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Intrusive and extrusive

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This type of igneous rock is formed in Earth's interior wherein cooling rate is slower resulting in large crystal formation

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Intrusive igneous rocks

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this type of igneous rock is formed in earth r

surface where the cooling rate is faster resulting in smaller crystal formation

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Extrusive igneous rocks

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this is a formation of igneous rock, it is where molten rock is cooled instantly which may result in rock with glassy like texture example of this, volcanic glass and obsidian. This process usually happens in a volcanic eruption.

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Quenching

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Formation of igneous rock can also be divided into 2 Based on mineral content

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Felsic/Granitic Rocks

and

Basaltic/Mafic rocks

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This formation of igneous rock based on mineral content are rocks that are generally composed of light-colored minerals

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Felsic/Granitic Minerals

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This formation of igneous rock based on mineral content are rocks that are generally composed of dark grey to black minerals

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Basaltic/Mafic rocks

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There are several processes involved in the formation of sedimentary rock.

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Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Lithification

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This process of formation on sedimentary rocks is a process of breaking down rock into smaller pieces it can be physical or chemical

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Weathering

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This process of formation on sedimentary rocks is a process of transferring unconsolidated Earth's material via agents like human, animal,wind and water

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Erosion

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This process of formation on sedimentary rocks occurs when all the unconsolidated materials setttle in one area

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Deposition

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This process of formation on sedimentary rocks takes place when sediments turn into sedimentary rock. It involves the processes of compaction and cementation

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Lithification

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This rock can classify according to its foliation.

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Metamorphic rock

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This refers to the sub-planar orientation of mineral grains or the layering found in the rocks

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Foliation

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There are two types of metamorphic rock

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Foliated metamorphic rock and Non-foliated metamorphic rock

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This type of metamorphic rock has clear layers which are formed in areas where rocks are deformed by stresses like plate boundaries.

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Foliated metamorphic rocks

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This type of metamorphic rocks have no definite layers which are formed on areas where deformation is minimal

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Non-foliated metamorphic rocks

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Metamorphism came from a greek word _____ which means to change and ______ means form.

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Meta and morph

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It is the process of changing the characteristics of a rock as a result of changes in temp, pressure, or reactions with hot fluids.

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Metamorphism

Ex: Slate is a product of metamorphism from a protolith which is shale.

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The ______ is a pre existing rock that undergoes metamorphism. it can be any types of rock

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Pro-tolith

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Metamorphism of the pro-tolith changes the _____ and _____ (mineral components) of the original rock

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Texture and mineralogy

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Different processes involved in metamorphism,

this is the process where there is growth in the size of mineral grains of pre-existing materials.

it is also the most common process involved in metamorphism.

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Recrystallization

Ex: Limestone to marble; clay into muscovite mica.

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Different Processes involved in Metamorphism,

it is the formation of new minerals from the pre-existing minerals due to heat.

Example: Phyllite is a mica-rich mineral rock. When clay undergoes _______ it forms mica.

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Neo-crystallization

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Different processes involved in metamorphism,

this refers to the change in mineral structure but with the same chemical formula. Example: Andalusite to Kyanite.

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Phase change

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Minerals with the same chemical formula but diff mineral structure are called ______ of each other.

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Polymorphs

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Different processes involved in Metamorphism,

this takes place when minerals are dissolved in areas with high pressure and recrystallize in other areas with low pressure.

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Pressure solution

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DIFFERENT processes involved in Metamorphism,

occurs when miner grains soften and deform at high temp.

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Plastic deformation

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Types of metamorphism,

this refers to the relative temp and pressure conditions during the formation of metamorphic rocks.

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Metamorphic Grade

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Mwtamorphic Grade,

The spectrum includes the following scale:

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Low-grade metamorphism, Intermediate metamorphism, and High-grade metamorphism

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This tye of metamorphism on the metamorphic grade occurs in environments where the temp is between 200 C to 320 C and low pressure values. Example shale to slate.

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Low-grade Metamorphism

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This tye of metamorphism on the metamorphic grade takes place at approximately at 320 - 450 C and at moderate pressures

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Intermediate Metamorphism

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This tye of metamorphism on the metamorphic grade takes place at temps greater than 450 C and at high pressure. Example granite to gneiss

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High-grade metamorphism

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This type of Metamorphism takes place when temp and pressure are increased.

it occurs when rocks are buried deeply.

It haplens when water molecules from minerals are usually squeezed out, forming "drier" rocks. Example phyllite form from slate.

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Prograde Metamorphism

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This type of metamorphism on the other hand, happens when temp and pressure decreases.

This process requires the addition of hydrothermal fluids or water. Example chlorite schist form from muscovite.

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Retrograde metamorphism

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Types of metamorphism,

occurs when heat is transferred from igneous intrusions to nearby rocks.

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Contact or thermal metamorphism

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Types of metamorphism,

Occurs when rocks are buried to depths of several hundred meters and form new low grade rocks due to the temp increase.

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Burial metamorphism.

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Types of metamorphism

occurs when two bodies of rocks slide past eachother along faults, where some rocks are heated and pulverised to form new rocks. Ex of this is myolite.

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Dynamic Metamorphism

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Types of Metamorphism,

Occurs over large areas that experience stress, such as in convergent boundaries, where one tectonic plate goes under another tectonic plate.

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Regional Metamorphism

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TYPES OF METAMORPHISM,

takes place mostly along mid-ocean ridges, where ocean water is heated by nearby magma to form hydrothermal.

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Hydrothermal Metamorphism

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Types of Metamorphism,

occurs when a meteorite hits the surface of the earth and transfers a lot of heat to the place of impact, causing rocks to change.

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Shock metamorphism

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the Factors controlling Metamorphism,

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Temperature, Pressure, Chemically active fluids, and time

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It is affected by heat or thermal energy which triggers the chemical reaction to the rock, which can come from two sources: ____ & _____

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Igneous intrusions and Earths geothermal gradient.

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Two sources of thermal energy

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Intrusive bodies/plutons and geothermal gradient of the earth

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this type of source of thermal energy alters the texture and mineralogy of surrounding rocks to form metamorphic rocks.

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Intrusive bodies or plutons

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This type of source of thermal energy is the rate of increase in temp with increasing depth from earths surface

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Geothermal gradient of earth

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this type of factor controlling metamorphism is when minerals with spaces in their lattices are subjected to high amounts of pressure, the minerals collapse forming much denser crystals.

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Pressure

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pressure increases with depth and can be classified into two types:

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Uniform and Differential Stress

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This type of pressure refers to pressure with equal amounts of force coming from all directions

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Uniform/hydrostatic stress

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This type of pressure refers to the pressure that is unequal in diff directions.

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Differential stress

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this type of Differential stress compressed objects from two opposing directions.

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Normal stress

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This type of Differential stress smears objects in the direction of the stress

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Shear stress

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Types of factors controlling metamorphism,

It enhances chemical reactions which alter the composition of rocks

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Chemically active fluids

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Is the change in the Composition of rock due to the addition or loss of substances or elements

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Metasomatism

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This type of factor controlling metamorphism is a slow process that involves several processes.

These processes are slow since metamorphic rock is formed with the protolith rock remaining in solid form.

Metamorphic rocks that contain large crystals need ___ to form, on a scale of tens of millions of years

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time

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diagenesis

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bigger process after lithification