Early Childhood (Physical Development)

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Age group 2-6 years

Period of rapid physical, mental, emotional, social and language development

Foundation age

Preschool age

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Early Childhood

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Capable of representational thought such as through drawings.

Ability to engage in pretend play.

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Pre-operational Stage

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Centration

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Egocentrism

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Symbolic Representation

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Pretend play

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Animism

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Artficialism

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Irreversibility

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The fact that some of properties of objects remain the same while other properties are changing. Children do not grasp this concept

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Conservation

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Children's thinking in pre- operational is dominated by the concrete reality of the way things look.

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Logical Inferences

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Types of Conservation (4)

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Volume

Number

Matter

Length

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Ability to identify an object, person, or quality that was encountered before

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Recognition

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Ability to reproduce material from memory

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Recall

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Ability to hear and manipulate sounds of spoken language

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Phonetic Awareness

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The concept that the last number in a counting series represents the quantity of objects in a set

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Cardinality

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Exposure to the alphabet and to printed materials of all kinds

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Dialogic reading

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Adults support that allow young children to begin to participate in family activities

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Scaffolding

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The distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers

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Sociocultural Approach (ZPD— Zone of Proximal Development)

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Types of Play according to Mildred Parten (6)

Other types (5)

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Unoccupied play

Solitary play

Onlooker play

Parallel Play

Associative Play

Cooperative Play

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Dramatic Play

Competitive Play

Physical Play

Constructive Play

Symbolic Play

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Refers to activity when a child actually isn't playing at all. He may be engaged in seemingly random movements, with no objective

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Unoccupied play

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Is just what it sounds like—when your child plays alone

This type of play is important because it teaches a child how to keep himself entertained, eventually setting the path to being self-sufficient.

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Solitary play

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Is when a child simply observes other children playing and doesn't partake in the action. It's common for younger children who are working on their developing vocabulary.

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Onlooker play

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children having fun, playing side by side in their own little world; It doesn't mean that they don't like one another, they are just engaging in _______

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Parallel Play

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features children playing separately from one another. But in this mode of play, they are involved with what the others are doing—think children building a city with blocks. As they build their individual buildings, they are talking to one another and engaging each other

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Associative play

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is where all the stages come together and children truly start playing together. It is common in older preschoolers or in younger preschoolers who have older siblings or have been around a lot of children).

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Cooperative play

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When your child who loves to play dress-up, doctor, or restaurant

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Dramatic/Fantasy Play

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Whether she's beating her brother at Chutes and Ladders or playing on a local soccer team

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Competitive Play:

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Gross and fine motor skills really come into play here, whether your child is throwing a ball or riding a bike

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Physical Play:

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Forms of _______ include building with blocks, making a road for toy cars, or constructing a fort out of couch pillows.

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Constructive Play

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This type of play can be vocal (singing, jokes, rhymes), graphic arts (drawing, coloring), counting, or making music.

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Symbolic Play

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is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood.

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Parenting or child rearing

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are famous for saying, "Because I said so," when a child questions the reasons behind a rule. They are not interested in negotiating and their focus is on obedience.

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Authoritarian parents

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invest time and energy into preventing behavior problems before they start. They also use positive discipline strategies to reinforce good behavior, like praise and reward systems.

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Authoritative parents

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They're quite forgiving and they adopt an attitude of "kids will be kids." When they do use consequences, they may not make those consequences stick. They might give privileges back if a child begs or they may allow a child to get out of time-out early if he promises to be good.

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Permissive parents

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tend to have little knowledge of what their children are doing. There tend to be few rules. Children may not receive much guidance, nurturing, and parental attention.

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Uninvolved parents

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is the capacity to understand or feel what another person

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Empathy

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is a voluntary or involuntary dislike for something or somebody

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Antipathy

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Aka intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit[s] other people or society as a whole"

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Prosocial behavior

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Theories of Gender Development (3)

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Social learning theory

Cognitive theory

Systems theory

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Children notice the ways men and women behave and internalize the standards they observe

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Social learning theory:

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A child’s cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and experiences.Young children categorize themselves and everyone else as either male or female, and then they think and behave accordingly.

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Gender schema:

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Genes and culture, parents and peers, ideas and customs all interact, affecting each child.

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Systems theory