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261 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the roles of a dental hygienist?

-Identity harmful dietary habits


-Promote health and wellness


-Patient referrals for dietary nutrition needs



What is nutrition?

Process by which living things use food to obtain nutrients for energy, growth, and maintenance.

What are essential nutrients?

Substance obtained from food that the body CANNOT produce in sufficient quantities.





What are non essential nutrients?

Nutrients that can be used by the body but are not required and can be synthesized from dietary precursors.

What are precursors?

A substance from which an active substance is formed (helps turn something else into something more useful).




EX: Carotene (found in fruits and veggies), which the liver can convert into an active form of Vitamin A.

What are macronutrients?

Used for energy, tissue building and regulating system.




-Macronutrients are not effective without micronutrients




EX: Water, proteins, carbs, fats and alcohol.

What are micronutrients?

Minerals and vitamins.





Does alcohol provide calories?

Yes, but does not provide nutrients.

What are some chronic diseases related to poor diet?

Cancer


Stroke


Diabetes Mellitus


Atherosclerosis


Coronary heart disease

What is adequate intake (AI)?

Average amount of nutrients that appears to maintain a defined nutritional state

What is the tolerable upper intake level (UL)?

The maximum daily level of nutrient intake that will not cause adverse health or toxic effects.




-DO NOT GO OVER THIS AMOUNT, IT'S TOO RISKY

What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)?

Ensures sufficient intake of essential nutrients while reducing risk of chronic diseases.

What are the temperatures for food safety?

-Below 40 degrees


-Above 140 degrees

What does the my pyramid look like? Haha


What are the categories of MyPlate?

Veggies
Grains
Proteins
Fruit
Dairy

Veggies


Grains


Proteins


Fruit


Dairy

What is the definition of structure in biochemistry?

Three dimensional atomic arrangement of biomolecules.

What is metabolism?

The production and use of energy

What is the definition of information in biochemistry?

Transference of biological information from DNA to RNA.

What are ionic bonds?

Bonds formed between positively charged metal ions and negatively charged non-metal ions.


EX: hydroxyapatite, calcium and phosphate

What are covalent bonds?

Form when electrons are equally shared between two non-metals


(often carbon based and functional groups)




"think C=Carbon and Covalent"





What are functional groups?

is a group of atoms that gives a family of molecules its characteristic chemical and physical properties

What is oxidation?

The loss of electrons, which increases charge




EX: OIL

What is reduction?

The gain of electrons, decrease of charge




EX: RIG

What is condensation?

A reaction that creates a new molecule by forming a bond between two smaller molecules

What is hydrolysis?

A reaction that breaks a larger molecule into two smaller molecules.

What are the major classes of biomolecules?

Carbohydrates


Proteins


Nucleic Acids


Lipids

What are carbohydrates used for?

Energy metabolism and storage.


-Monosaccharides


-Disaccharides


-Polysaccharides

T/F: Plants use photosynthesis to make carbs?

True

What are the functions of proteins?

-Provide structure


-Protection


-Contraction


-Transportation


-Catalyst


-Metabolism




What are the function of lipids?

-Energy metabolism


-Storage


-Structure


-Insulation


-Protection


-Transportation


-Regulation of Hormones





What are the classifications of lipids?

Hydrophilic (water loving)




Hydrophobic (water hating)


-Fatty acids


-Triglycerides

What is the function of enzymes?

To catalyze biochemical reactions and starts digestive processes.

What are examples of enzymes?

Proteases=Proteins


Amylases=Carbohydrates


Lipases=Lipids

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Store and transfer genetic information.


-DNA


-RNA


-Genome


-Nucleotides

What is metabolism?

How cells acquire, transform, store, and use

energy.


What is catabolism?

-Production of energy


-Breaking down of a complex molecule to a


simpler molecule.




(Energy producing)



What is anabolism?

The requirement of energy input.




(Energy requiring)

Where does carbohydrate metabolism occur?

In mitochondria

What are some hormone regulators in carbohydrate metabolism?

-Insulin


-Glucagon


-Epinephrine

What is protein metabolism?

When proteins provide amino acids for synthesis of new proteins

What enzymes are required for protein


metabolism?

-Proteases


-Ketogenic amino acids (AA)


-Glucogenic AA

T/F: Lipid metabolism produces more energy than protein and carb metabolism.

True

What is the enzyme for lipid metabolism?

Lipase

What makes up the small intestine?

-Duodenum


-Jejunum


-Ileum

What makes up the large intestine?

-Cecum


-Colon


-Rectum

What are the accessory organs?

-Salivary glands


-Liver


-Gallbladder


-Pancreas

What is the only macronutrient that is broken down by mastication?

Carbs

How often do the cells on the tongue replace themselves?

3-10 days

What does salivary amylase do?

Allows carbs to be hydrolyzed into shorter chains.

What occurs in the esophagus?

-The bolus passes back to the pharynx under


voluntary control.


-Perastalsis then occurs.


-Digestion DOES NOT occur here.

What are chief cells?

A stomach secretion that produces pepsinogen, which helps break stuff down.

What are parietal cells?

A stomach secretion that releases HCl to make gastric content acidic (1.5-3.0 pH)

What do parietal cells help with?

-Halts the action of salivary amylase


-Aids in absorption of minerals like calcium, iron, and zinc.


-Kills and inhibits growth of food bacteria.

T/F: Pepsinogen and HCl work together to


begin hydrolysis of protein.

True

How often does the stomach empty?

1-4 hours

T/F: Gastric Lipase digests short and medium chain fatty acids.

True

Where are most nutrients absorbed?

Small intestine

What stimulates the release of pancreatic


enzymes?

Acidic chyme

What are examples of protein enzymes?

-Trypsin


-Chymotrypsin


-Carboxypeptidase



What enzymes does the microvilli produce for carbs?

-Lactase


-Sucrase


-Maltase

What enzymes does proteins produce for carbs?

-Aminopeptidase


-Dipeptidase

T/F: Bile produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder aids in emulsification of fats.

True

What is pinocytosis?

Engulfing of small drops of intestinal contents that allows for absorption of small proteins (Immunoglobulins in breast milk).

What is absorbed in the duodenum?

-Electrolytes


-Minerals (Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn)

What is absorbed in the jejunum?

-Water soluble vitamins (C, thiamine, riboflavin, B-6, folic acid)


-Mono and disaccharides

What is absorbed in the ileum?

-Protein


-Fat soluble vitamins


-Fat/Cholesterol


-Vitamin B-12

T/F: Protein and fat takes longer to digest and make you feel full longer.

True

What is absorbed in the cecum?

-Water


-Electrolytes (Na, K)

T/F: The large intestine absorbs water out of everything.

True, and very important

What do carbs contain?

-Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO)


T/F: During photosynthesis carbo dioxide and water result in formation of carbs.

True

T/F: Carbs are the most important source of


energy.

True

How many kilocalories are in one gram?

4 kilocalories

How many carbons are in monosaccharides and can these be digested?

2-6 carbons; yes

How many carbons are in disaccharides?

12 carbons- composed of two simple sugars joined together

What are polysaccharides?

Are complex containing at least 1o units of


simple sugars

What are examples of monosaccharides?

-Glucose (Dextrose)


-Fructose (levulose)


-Galactose

What are examples of disaccharides?

-Lactose


-Maltose


-Sucrose

Where is glycogen stored?

Liver and muscle

What does the liver regulate?

Blood sugar for the brain

What is starch?

Polysaccharide composed of many glucose units that may be in long chains and harder to break down such as grains, beans, and potatoes.

What is sucrose (disaccharide)?

Glucose + Fructose

What is Lactose?

Glucose + Galactose

What is Maltose?

Glucose + Glucose

T/F: Xylitol is the only anticariogenic carb.

True

What are examples of non-nutritive sweeteners with intense sweetening power?

-Aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet)


-Saccharin (Sweet N Low)


-Acesulfame-K (Sweet One)


-Sucralose (Splenda)

What are some physiological roles of Carbs (CHO)?

-Provides energy for RBC's, brain, and eyes


-Oxidation of fats


-Development of collagen and nervous tissue


-Spares proteins


-Forms nonessential amino acids



What are function of non digestible carbs (fibers)?

-Involved in growth of bacteria in the gut that synthesizes nutrients.


-Gastric motility


-Vitamin K and B

Where do digestive enzymes for disaccharides come from?

Pancreas and small intestine

What are some sources of Carbs?

-Milk


-Whole Grains


-Fruit/Veggies


-Legumes


-Added sugars (jams, jellies, honey)

What is protein?

Organic compounds made up of amino acids

What elements are in protein?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur.

What is main function of protein?

To repair and build tissue and cells

T/F: All proteins are made from combinations of 10 amino acids held together by peptides.

True

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

Histadine


Isoleucine


Leucine


Lysine


Methionine


Phenylalanine


Threonine


Tryptophan


Valine




"HE MAKES THREE VERY ILLUSIVE LIES, TRYING LUCY'S PATIENCE"

What is a complete protein?

All 9 essential amino acids are present in


adequate amounts to sustain optimal growth.

What is nitrogen balance?

Equilibrium in breakdown and consumption of protein.

What is negative nitrogen balance?

Excretes more nitrogen then ingested.

What is positive nitrogen balance?

More protein retained than lost (in periods of growth, child, or pregnant woman)

What are the physiological roles of proteins?

-Digestion begins in stomach


-Generation and repair of new tissue


-Production of hormones, an enzyme.


-Regulation of fluid balance.


-Resistance to diseases.


-Transport


-Energy


-Buffer pH

What is marasmus?

"to waste away"




Long term protein energy deficiency.




What are symptoms of marasmus?

-Muscle weakening


-Fat and muscle tissue depletion


-Impairment of CNS


-Decrease in cognitive ability


-Delayed tooth eruption


-Changes in saliva

What is Kwashiorkor and who is at risk?

Acute form of protein malnutrition occurring from lack of high quality protein.




-Children 18-24 months

What are symptoms of Kwashiorkor?

-Adema of extremities, torso, and face.


-Fatty liver


-Hair color change


-Anemia


-Tired


-Cracked and peeling skin

What are some oral implications for the underconsumption of proteins?

-Delayed eruption


-Retardation during mandible development


-Smaller salivary glands


-Changes in salivary protein composition



What is Phenylketonuria?

The liver cannot metabolize EAA phenlylalanine in the diet into non essential amino acid tyrosine.




Avoid aspartame.

T/F: Carbs are good for the brain and they oxidize lipids.

True

T/F: Lipids contain the same three elements as Carbs.

True



Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen


Do lipids contains less oxygen proportionately?

Yes

What are the functions of lipids?

-Energy metabolism and Storage


-Structural components of membranes


-Insulation and Protection


-Acts as hormones to regulate the body


-Serves as vitamins & carry fat-soluble vitamins


-Detergents in digestion

Where can simple lipids such as Fatty Acids & Triglycerides be found?

Food and In The Body

What are some structural lipids that are produced by the body?

-Lipoproteins


-Phospholipids

What are monoglycerides composed of?

Glycerol + One fatty acid

What are diglycerides composed of?

Glycerol + Two fatty acids

What are Triglycerides composed of?

Glycerol + Three fatty acid

What is glycerol?

The alcohol portion of the triglyceride to which the fatty acids attach to.

T/F: Saturated fats all have single bonds between carbons.

True

T/F: Monosaturated fats have one carbon-


carbon double bond.

True

T/F: Polyunsaturated fats have more than one carbon-carbon double bond.

True

Are saturated fatty acids simple lipids?

Yes

What are characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

-Primarily found in meat and dairy.


-Remain solid at room temperature


-Too much can increase and LDL cholesterol


-Can increase risk for CVD

Are monounsaturated fatty acids simple lipids?

Yes



What are the characteristics of monounsaturated fatty acids?

-Primarily found in olive oil, canola oil, peanuts, pecans, almonds, and avocado "plant foods"


-Increases good cholesterol HDL


-Liquid at room temperature

Are trans fatty acids simple lipids and are they good for us?

Yes; no-avoid them in diet

What are the characteristics of trans fatty acids?

-Found in meats, dairy, stick margarine, shortening, salty snacks, high fat baked good, commercial frying fats.


-High intake result in high LDL cholesterol


-FDA requires food labels to declare the amounts of trans fat.

Are polyunsaturated fatty acids simple lipids? And are these essential?

Yes; yes

What is Linoleic acid (omega-6)?

-Can be found in cold water marine fish, soy beans, canola oils, leafy veggies, flaxseed oil, chicken, and pistachios.


-Involved in development/function of retina, and cerebral cortex (eyes and brain)


-Increases HDL


-Helps cure diseases, and fight cancer cells.


-Treats arthritis

What is Linolenic acid (Omega-3)?

-Can be found in vegetable oils (corn, safflower, soybean and sunflower), spinach, albacore tuna, salmon, walnuts.


-Functions in growth, reproduction, and skin.


-Increases risk of CVD.


-helps organs function properly


-works with RBC's


-aids in cell activity



What happens with the lack of Omega-3?

-Blood clots


-Memory loss


-Decrease sense of vision


-Irregular heart beat


-Decreased immune system

T/F: Phospholipids make up 40% of cell membrane (enamel and dentin).

True

T/F: Lipoproteins transport insoluble fats into the blood.

True

T/F: Cholesterol is a precursor for hormones and structural components.

True; Vitamin D and steroid hormones

What produces lipoproteins?

Liver and intestinal mucosa

What do phospholipids contain?

-Phosphorous


-Nitrogenous base


-Fatty Acids


-Glycerol

What is the second most prevalent type of fat in the body?

Phospholipids

What are the physiological roles of lipids?

-Energy


-Spares protein


-Keeps you full


-Palatability


-Aids in absorption in fat soluble vitamins


-Provides EFA's


-Cushions organs


-Provides insulation


-Maintains body temperature

How do dietary fats decrease caries?

-Inhibits streptococcal growth


-May reduce dissolution of hydroxyappetite


-Prevents adherence of CHO's


-May delay gastric emptying


-Enhancing fluoride absorption

Who are the people at risk for EFA deficiency?

-Malabsorption (cystic fibrosis)


-Premature babies


-Low fat diets


What are the classifications of fat replacers?



-Carbohydrated (plant polysaccharides)


-Protein based (simplesse)


-Fat based-olean

T/F: Foods with more unsaturated fats (liquid at room temp) have a low melting point.

True

T/F: Foods that are high in saturated fats (solid at room temp) have a high melting point.

True

What is anabolism?

Process requires energy to build substances that make up the body and necessary for bodily functions

What is an example of catabolism?

Fat oxidation and the Krebs cycle

What do coenzymes need to be activated?

Vitamins

What are three coenzymes found in the Krebs cycle?

-Thiamine


-Riboflavin


-Niacin

What are cofactors?

Same as coenzymes but need minerals or


electrolytes

What are hormones?

"Messengers" that stimulate or slow down the function of other cells.

What is the role of the liver?

-Controls the kinds of nutrients in the blood stream


-Detoxifies drugs


-Monitors glucose levels



What are the roles of the kidneys?

-Removes waste products for blood


-Controls glucose, amino acids, and water in the blood

What is hyperglycemia?

Excess (or high) blood glucose

What is Hypoglycemia?

Low blood glucose

How are amino acids transported?

Through a portal vein to the liver

Is the liver an aminostat, monitoring intake and breakdown of amino acids?

Yes

What does lipogenesis convert?

GLUCOSE TO FAT!!

What is the energy value of alcohol?

Approx. 7 kcal per gram

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Energy required for involuntary functions such as respiration, circulation, maintenance of


muscle tone, and body temperature.

What are the physiological factors affecting hunger?

-CNS (hypothalamus)


-Distention of the stomach


-Fat in duodenum


-Hormonal secretion such as ghrenlin, leptin, serotonin

Do vitamins contain energy? And what does?

No; but fats, carbs and proteins do.

T/F: Eating fats, carbs, and proteins without enough vitamins means the energy from these nutrients cannot be used.

True

T/F: Vitamins must come from an outside source

True

Is each and every vitamin essential?

Si.

What are fat soluble vitamins?

DEAK

What are water soluble vitamins?

C and B

What are characteristics of fat soluble vitamins?

-Dissolve in lipid and fat solvents


-Stable to heat


-Contain organic substances such as carbon


-Absorbed in the intestine


-Require bile for absorption


-Transported via the lymphatic system


-Stored in the liver and adipose tissues



What are the characteristics of water soluble


vitamins?

-Organic


-B vitamins contain nitrogen


-Act as coenzymes


-Absorbed in the jejunum


-Body stores very small amounts


-Daily intake is necessary


What are the classes of vitamin A?

-Retinoids (preformed) in animal products: 70-90% absorption




-Carotenoids (precursors) in fruits and veggies: 9-22% absorption



What are the functions of vitamin A?

-Vision in dim light


-Growth and cell differentiation


-Bone and tooth development


-Integrity of skin and mucous membranes


-Maintenance of immune function


-Help promote ameleoblast and osteoblast

What happens with hyper states of vitamin A


(hypervitaminosis)?

-Birth defects


-Catabolism of collagen and bone resorption


-Diplopia (double vision)


-Alopecia


-Dry skin, lips, and mucosa


-Reddened gingiva


-thinning of epithelium

How much Vitamin A does the liver store?

90%

What happens with hypostates of vitamin A?

-Growth restriction in children


-impaired dark adaptation and night blindness


-Keratinization of the lungs, GI Tract, and urinary tract


-Susceptible to infections


-Hyperkeratosis of the skin


-Sometimes death


-enamel hypoplasia

What is Vitamin D (calciferol)?

Classified as a vitamin but is a hormone.

What are the physiological roles of vitamin D?

-Enhances intestinal calcium and phosphorus

-The formation of RBC's (hematopoiesis)


-The skin


-Cardiovascular function


-Immune response


What uses Vitamin D to mobilize calcium storage?

Parathyroid

Can excess Vitamin D cause kidney stones?

Yes

What are the factors affecting Vitamin D requirements?

-Age


-Malabsorption conditions


-Kidney failure


-Exposure to sunlight


What are sources of Vitamin D?

-Sunlight


-Fish liver oil


-Fatty fish, catfish, tuna, salmon


-Milk


-Cereals


-OJ


-Supplements


What are the hyperstates of vitamin D?

-Anorexia


-Nausea


-Vomitting


-polyuria


-polydipsia


-weakness


-nervousness


-hypercalcemia

What are the hypostases of vitamin D?

-Rickets


-Osteomalacia


-Osteoporosis


-Cancer


-Cardiovascular risk

What is rickets?

Bones bending at the cardio shaft junction

What is osteomalacia?

-Decrease in bone mineralization (softening)


-Loss of lamina dura


-Cause skeletal pain and muscle weakness

What are the physiological roles of Vitamin E?

-Antioxidant


-Protects polyunsaturated fats in the cell membranes


-prevents oxidation of fatty acids, vitamin A and C.


-enhances release of prostaglandins that inhibits the aggregation of platelets


-enhances vasodilation


-anticoagulant


-prevents gingival inflammation

What are sources of vitamin E?

-vegetable oils (especially soy bean)


-unprocessed cereals or grains


-nuts and seeds


-wheat germ


-leafy veggies


-apples, apricots and peaches


What are signs of hyper states of vitamin E?

-muscle weakness


-fatigue


-nausea


-diarrhea


-antagonism to vitamin k action


-enhancement of the effect of oral anticoagulants

What are signs of hypostates of vitamin E?

-mild hemolytic anemia


-peripheral neuropathy


-decline in physical function



Who are at risk for hypostases of vitamin E?

-Sickle cell anemia


-Smokers


-those on extreme low fat diets

Where does vitamin K come from?

-K1: green plants


-K2: bacteria Ecoli in large intestine


-Fats and oils


What are functions of Vitamin K?

-coenzyme for proteins involved in bone


formation


-catalyst for synthesis of blood clotting factors

What two vitamins help with clotting?

Vitamin E and K

What are the hypostases of vitamin K?

-conditions blocking bile flow (celiac disease, sprue)


-diarrheal disease (ulcerative colitis)


-hemorrhagic disease of new borns


-adult with marginal dietary intake


-drugs

What are physiological roles of Vitamin C (absorbic acid)?

-coenzyme in hydroxylation of proline


-promotes capillary integrity


-iron absorption


-utilization of folic acid in vitamin b12


-coenzyme function in metabolism of AA's


-antioxidant: removes free radicals from the body

What are the hypostates of vitamin C?

-delayed wound healing


-poor bone and tooth development


-scurvy: red swollen gingiva, sore mouth, bleeding, PDL destruction, risk of infection, malformed enamel, and inadequate dentin.

T/F: Organic matrix of bone is 90-95% collagen fibers.

True

What does the formation of collagen require?

-protein


-iron


-copper


-zinc


-vitamin C

What makes up the mineral matrix?

-calcium


-phosphorous


-magnesium


-sodium


-potassium


-carbonate ions

T/F: Dentin is more dense than bone.

True

Minerals are subdivided into what two


categories?

1. Major minerals


2. Micronutrients or trace elements

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Calcium

What percentage of calcium makes up the teeth and bones?

99%

What are the functions of calcium?

Bone health


Blood clotting


Transmitting nerve impulses


Muscle contraction and relaxation


Membrane permeability


Activate enzymes


Salivary buffer

T/F: If calcium levels go up, phosphorous levels go down.

True; they are inversely related

What hormones regulate calcium absorption?

-Thyroid


-Parathyroid


-Estrogen


-Glucocorticoids

How is calcium best absorbed?

Small amounts, several times a day.

What factors decrease absorption of Ca?

-Oxylates and phytates in grains and veggies


-Reduce gastric acidity


-Excessive fiber


-Low protein


-Low phosphorous

What are some sources of calcium?

-Milk and dairy


-Fortified soy and rice milk


-Fortified foods (OJ)


-Supplements

What are the hyperstates of calcium?

Hypercalcemia; excess Ca in blood




Cause by hyperparathyroidism, overdose of cholecalciferol and vitamin D poisoning




May inhibit iron and zinc absorption

What are signs of hypostates of calcium?

-Rickets


-Osteoporosis


-Periodontal disease


-Reduction in mandibular bone density



What is the second most abundant mineral?

Phosphorous: about 85%

What are the functions of phosphorus?

-Formation of bones and teeth


-Muscle contraction and nerve activity


-Components of phospholipids in cell


membranes, DNA, and RNA


-Buffer for the body


-Energy metabolism (ADP)

What are hyper states of phosphorus?

-Hyperphosphatemia: hypoparathyroidism and renal insufficiency


-can bind with calcium, resulting in tetany and convulsions

What are the physiological roles of magnesium?

-cofactor for more than 300 enzymes


-role in bone and mineral physiology


-DNA and RNA synthesis


-Nerve impulse and muscle contraction


-Vitamin D conversion in liver


-Blood clotting


-PTH secretion

What regulates magnesium?

Kidneys

T/F: There is no evidence of over consumption from food sources.

True

What are some symptoms of magnesium


deficieny?

-fragile alveolar bone


-gingival hypertrophy


-cardiac dysrhythmias


-neuromuscular hyperexcitability

What plays a major role in regulating blood


pressure?

Magnesium

What is dental fluorosis?

Hypo mineralization of enamel

What are the physiological roles of copper?

-said to be anticariogenic


-formation of RBC's and connective tissue


-catalyst in formation of collagen


-component of many enzymes that function in oxidative reactions


-encourage production of neurotransmitters

What are some sources of copper?

-sea food


-liver


-nuts


-sesame and sunflower seeds


-soy


-legumes


-cocoa

Where does absorption of copper occur?

Stomach and duodenum

What can happen with hyperstates of copper?

Wilsons disease: in cornea causes Kayser


Fleischer Ring

What are the physiological role of selenium?

-Cofactor for antioxidant enzyme that protects membrane lipids, proteins and nucleic acids from oxidative damage


-tooth enamel and dentin


What is a hypo state of selenium?

Keshan disease: cardiomyopathy

What are the physiological roles of chromium?

-carbohydrate and lipid metabolism


-action of insulin




Meats, Whole grain cereals, wheat germ, nuts, and mushies

What are hyperstates and hypostates of


chromium?

Hyperstates: Liver damage, lung cancer.




Hypostates: decrease insulin sensitivity, glucose intolerance, and risk of diabetes

What are the physiological roles of manganese?

-bone matrix


-insulin production


-AA, cholesterol and CHO metabolism



What is maganese madness?

Hyperstate syndrome similar to Parkinson's


disease

What are the physiological roles of


molybdenum?

-enzyme cofactor


-may inhibit caries

What are the ultra trace elements?

-boron


-nickel


-silicon


-tin


-lithium


-vanadium


-aluminum


-lead


-mercury

How many liters of saliva do you make in a day?

1 to 1.5 liters

What is commonly associated with nutrient


deficienies?

-angular cheilitis or cheilosis (cracks around corners of the mouth)


-glossitis (inflammation of tongue)

What is thiamine (b1)?

First B vitamin identified




-Functions:


coenzyme for metabolism of CHO and AA's


energy transformation


membrane and nerve conduction


coenzyme in synthesis of niacin




*rarely seen in US due to lots of grains in food

What is thiamine used for?

Metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats.

What are examples of hypostates of thiamin?

-Beriberi: "muscle wasting away"


-Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: mental confusion and rapid movement of eyeball and muscle movements


*often prescribed to recovering alcoholics

What is the physiological role of riboflavin (B2)?

-Energy metabolism


-Conversion of trytophan to niacin


What is the physiological role of niacin (B3)?

-coenzyme in energy metabolism from CHO's


-fats, and protein metabolism

T/F: 65% of niacin is from milk and white meat?

True

What happens with the hyperstates of niacin?

Abnormal liver function and gout (leads to


arthritis)

What are signs of hypostates of niacin?

-Pellagra (where maize is the major part of diet)


-Ulcerations under tongue and mucosa


-Gingival inflammation


-Scarlet glossitis




-Dementia, Diarrhea, and Dermatitis

What are the physiological roles of pantothenic acid (B5)?

-metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins.


-synthesis and degradation of triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols.


-formation of hormones and nerve regulating substances

What are the physiological roles of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?

-conversion of tryptophan to niacin


-coenyzme in protein metabolism


-hemoglobin synthesis


-synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids from EFA's


-energy production from glycogen


-function of nervous system




What groups are at risk for vitamin B6


deficiency?

-woman of reproductive age


-male smokers


-african american males


-65 years and older

What is folic acid used for?

-Coenzyme for approx. 20 enzymes


-Synthesis of DNA and RNA


-Maturation of RBC's


-Formation of neural tubes of fetal development

What are the physiological roles of Vitamin B12?

-Synthesis of nucleic acids


-Metabolism of certain AA's, fatty acids, carbs, and folate


-Formation of RBC's and myelin synthesis

Where is B12 absorbed?

Receptor sites in ileum (small intestine) only if bound to intrinsic factor

Where do we create B12?

Colon and diet

What are the physiological roles of Vitamin B7 (biotin)?

-Coenzyme in metabolism of proteins, fats and carbs


-regulates gene transcription


-utilizes protein, folic acid, pantothenic acid and vitamin b12

What vitamins are important for soft oral


tissues?

Vitamin C, A, E, and B

What is the most abundant component of the body?

Water




-At birth: 75 - 80%


-Adult: 50 - 60%

What does osmotic pressure equalize?

Solute concentration of ICF and ECF

What are electrolytes?

Compounds or ions that dissociate in solution which is important in water and pH balance

What are cation?

Positively charged electrolytes




Ex: Na, K, Ca, Mg

What are Anion?

Negatively charged electrolytes




Ex: Chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate

What is hypernatremia?


What is hypoatremia?

Elevated serum Na level




Low serum Na level

What are the physiological roles of chloride?

-Maintain ECF balance


-Osmotic equilibrium


-Electrolyte balance


-Aids in protein digestion


-Inhibits bacterial growth


-Enhances Fe, Ca, and B12 absorption


-Obtain from salt

What are the physiological roles of potassium?

-Maintain ICF concentration


-Muscle contractions


-Nerve impulse


-Acid/base balance



What are the physiological roles of Iron?

-component of hemoglobin


-catalyzes many oxidative reactions in cells


-Conversion ofbeta-carotene to vitamin A


-Formation of purines aspart of nucleic acid


-Removal of lipids fromthe blood


-Detoxification ofdrugs in the liver


-Synthesis of collagen


-Production ofantibodies

What is the best source of iron?

Heme iron (organ meats, meat, fish and poultry)

What are the physiological roles of Zinc?

-Componentin >200 enzymes affecting cell growth and replication (DNA/RNA synthesis)


-Collagensynthesis, bone resorption, and remodeling


-Sexualmaturation


-Nightvision


-Immunedefenses


-Taste,smell, and appetite

What helps you see?

Zinc and Vitamin A

What is iodine used for?

Production of thyroxine




Sources: seafood, plants near ocean, molasses, yogurt and milk, iodized salt

What are hyperstates of iodine?

-thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, sensitive reactions

What are hypostates of iodine?

-Goiter(enlargement of the thyroid gland)


-Spontaneousabortions and congenital anomalies


-Delayederuption of primary and secondary teeth


-Enlargedtongue


-Endemiccretinism