Cultural Anthropology Chapter 1-4

Front 1

Anthropology is literally the study of __________.

Back 1

Humans

Front 2

Which type of culture was the traditional focus for anthropologists?

Back 2

non-Western cultures

Front 3

The anthropological curiosity is primarily interested in __________.

Back 3

typical characteristics of a cultural group

Front 4

Which branch of anthropology is divided into three major subfields?

Back 4

cultural anthropology

Front 5

What is a fossil?

Back 5

the buried, hardened remains or an impression of an organism

Front 6

What are the two broad classifications of subject matter within anthropology?

Back 6

biological and cultural

Front 7

Prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans are all members of the order __________.

Back 7

Primates

Front 8

Which of the following is least likely to interest an archaeologist?

Back 8

dinosaur bones

Front 9

The study of how language is used in social contexts is called __________.

Back 9

sociolinguistics

Front 10

How did anthropology help disprove assumptions by American educators in the 1960s that African American schoolchildren rarely drank milk because they were poor and uneducated?

Back 10

Anthropological research showed that many ethnic groups in different parts of the world, including Asians, Arabs, Jews, and African Americans, avoid fresh milk because they cannot digest it.

Front 11

Which of the following areas of study is a part of anthropology?

Back 11

why contemporary peoples have different cultures

Front 12

Which type of anthropologist would be best suited to investigating the daily life of an Asian civilization dating to 15,000 years ago?

Back 12

an archaeologist

Front 13

Compared to anthropologists of previous years, an anthropologist today is more likely to __________.

Back 13

specialize in one certain topic or area

Front 14

Anthropology helps us realize that people are physically and culturally adapted to their particular __________.

Back 14

environment

Front 15

Although archaeologists and historians are both interested in the past, how does archaeology differ from history in its approach?

Back 15

Unlike historians, archaeologists study past societies that predate written records, using only material remains such as pottery and stone tools.

Front 16

Compared to the historian, the archaeologist is __________.

Back 16

more likely to study very ancient cultures

Front 17

Which of the following disciplines would have the greatest overlap with archaeologists researching early toolmaking

Back 17

geology

Front 18

What is the primary purpose of an ethnologist's fieldwork?

Back 18

It provides the data needed to describe the typical behavior and thought of a group of people

Front 19

Anthropologists, as well as other social scientists, feel that culture is __________.

Back 19

learned and shared

Front 20

A group within a society that holds commonly shared customs is a __________.

Back 20

subculture

Front 21

One indication of how much an animal depends on learned behavior for survival is the __________.

Back 21

proportion of its life span spent in childhood

Front 22

Standards or rules about what is acceptable behavior are referred to by social scientists as __________.

Back 22

norms

Front 23

The most powerful transmitter of culture is probably __________.

Back 23

language

Front 24

The tendency to judge other cultures without trying to grasp the reasons behind their customs is what anthropologists refer to as __________.

Back 24

ethnocentrism

Front 25

A person who judges other cultures solely in terms of his or her own culture is said to be __________.

Back 25

ethnocentric

Front 26

Which important tenet of anthropology was first championed by Franz Boas to challenge the attitude that Western culture was inherently superior to others?

Back 26

cultural relativism

Front 27

The ideal cultural traits of a society __________.

Back 27

consist of the ideas people have about how they ought to behave

Front 28

One example of a __________ is how far apart people stand when they are having a conversation.

Back 28

cultural pattern

Front 29

An adaptive custom is one that __________.

Back 29

enhances survival and reproduction

Front 30

Which of the following is a basic pattern of diffusion?

Back 30

intermediate contact

Front 31

Sets of learned and shared behaviors and ideas that are characteristic of a particular social group comprise the anthropological definition of __________.

Back 31

culture

Front 32

The term subculture refers to __________.

Back 32

the variant culture of a group of people within a larger society

Front 33

Because a word or phrase can represent what it stands for, whether or not that thing is present, we say that language is __________.

Back 33

symbolic

Front 34

Ethnocentrism both hinders our understanding of other peoples' cultures and __________.

Back 34

keeps us from understanding our own customs

Front 35

How do anthropologists deal with the range of individual behaviors they meet when trying to describe a culture?

Back 35

hey use the variations to define acceptable limits of behavior.

Front 36

The conscious or unconscious pressure for cultural __________ will often produce cultural change.

Back 36

consistency

Front 37

Which of the following is an example of forced acculturation?

Back 37

schools for Native American children

Front 38

Although there are many negative consequences to globalization, the United Nations has suggested an improvement in _________

Back 38

literacy rates

Front 39

Which early-20th-century anthropologist studied Samoan adolescents, calling into question the assumption that adolescent psychological development was similar everywhere?

Back 39

Margaret Mead

Front 40

What is Piaget's first stage of development?

Back 40

sensorimotor

Front 41

Which expression of emotions seems to be culturally universal?

Back 41

recognition of facial expressions

Front 42

The concept of __________, achieved by Western children between ages 7 and 11, states that certain properties of an object remain constant, even if the object is divided into small pieces.

Back 42

conservation

Front 43

In __________ of the world's societies, mothers typically breast-feed for at least 2 years.

Back 43

70 percent

Front 44

It is estimated that babies in Japan and other industrialized nations are held or touched __________ of the day.

Back 44

12‒20 percent

Front 45

In psychology, being able to isolate a part of a situation from a whole is known as __________.

Back 45

field independence

Front 46

Why do anthropologists question results given by cross-cultural psychologists that indicate psychological development is delayed in many non-Western societies?

Back 46

The tests used are developed in the West using testing materials often unfamiliar to other cultures.

Front 47

In the Applied Anthropology example, how did Chinese and American preschools instill cultural value lessons in the children?

Back 47

The Chinese preschool emphasized group activities, while the American preschool emphasized individualized activities.

Front 48

Cross-culturally, how do pastoralists compare with farmers in terms of adult behavior?

Back 48

Pastoralists are more likely than farmers to express aggression.

Front 49

In science, investigators achieve what two kinds of explanations?

Back 49

associations and theories

Front 50

The method of __________ shows that a theory seems to be wrong.

Back 50

falsification

Front 51

Darwin and Wallace proposed this theory in 1858.

Back 51

the theory of natural selection

Front 52

Which of these fields focuses on the relationship between a culture and its environment?

Back 52

cultural ecology

Front 53

How a researcher describes the procedure that will be followed to measure a variable is __________.

Back 53

he operational definition

Front 54

participant-observation refers to the __________.

Back 54

practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society