Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
the four definitional perspectives found in contemporary criminology
|
Legalistic, Political, Sociological and Psychological.
We use mainly legalistic |
|
|
|
Most Influential discipline
|
Sociological
|
|
|
|
Verstehen
|
Termed by Jeff Ferrell, verstehen is the kind of subjective understanding that can be achieved by criminologists, who immerse themselves in the everyday world of the criminals they study.
|
|
|
|
Internal Validity
|
the certainty that experimental interventions did indeed cause the changes observed in the study group
If you don't have internal validity, than you don't have external validity. Flaw in research, your hypothesis isn't true, history, experimental bias, maturation |
both internal and external should be the same, which increases internal
|
|
|
external validity
|
the ability to generalize
|
Reactive effects of research
|
|
|
Quasi-experimental design
|
an approach to research that, although LESS POWERFUL than experimental designs, is decent. It has little control of the research,and can't control outside influence
|
LESS POWERFUL
|
|
|
applied research
|
research based on scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical applications in mind
|
working towards a goal
|
|
|
pure research
|
research undertaken simply for the sake of advancing knowledge
|
|
|
|
primary research
|
research based by original and direct investigation investigation
|
|
|
|
secondary research
|
research based on new evaluations of existing information that has been collected by other researchers
|
research based on data
|
|
|
A Good Theory
|
Complete understanding
meaning to observation relatable to things you understand |
|
|
|
operationalism
|
the process by which concepts are made measurable.
once the concepts are operationalized , then we can test them |
hypothesis assumed true til results come in, if its operationalized
|
|
|
The Twelve tables
|
A collection of basic rules regulating family, religious and economic life
|
|
|
|
Cesare Beccaria's Essay Crime and Punishment
|
Laws are conditions under which independent and isolated men form society. Punishment must be swift and certain!
|
Punishment must be swift and certain!
|
|
|
Bentham's pain and pleasure
|
The two sovereign masters or nature
In order to control crime, the commission must outweigh the pleasure derived by the criminal activity |
|
|
|
Bentham's pain and pleasure
|
The two sovereign masters or nature
In order to control crime, the commission must outweigh the pleasure derived by the criminal activity |
|
|
|
Locke's ideas of Government
|
Further developed Hobbes theory of social contract; included giving up interpersonal responsibility.
|
Developed checks and balances
|
|
|
Bentham's pain and pleasure
|
The two sovereign masters or nature
In order to control crime, the commission must outweigh the pleasure derived by the criminal activity |
|
|
|
Locke's ideas of Government
|
Further developed Hobbes theory of social contract; included giving up interpersonal responsibility.
|
Developed checks and balances
|
|
|
Magna Carta
|
The foundation stone of our present liberties
|
The great charter
|
|
|
Bentham's pain and pleasure
|
The two sovereign masters or nature
In order to control crime, the commission must outweigh the pleasure derived by the criminal activity |
|
|
|
Locke's ideas of Government
|
Further developed Hobbes theory of social contract; included giving up interpersonal responsibility.
|
Developed checks and balances
|
|
|
Magna Carta
|
The foundation stone of our present liberties
|
The great charter
|
|
|
Fraternal twins
|
Dizygotic twins- a twin who develops from a separate ovum and who carries the genetic material shared by a sibling
|
|
|
|
Bentham's pain and pleasure
|
The two sovereign masters or nature
In order to control crime, the commission must outweigh the pleasure derived by the criminal activity |
|
|
|
Locke's ideas of Government
|
Further developed Hobbes theory of social contract; included giving up interpersonal responsibility.
|
Developed checks and balances
|
|
|
Magna Carta
|
The foundation stone of our present liberties
|
The great charter
|
|
|
Fraternal twins
|
Dizygotic twins- a twin who develops from a separate ovum and who carries the genetic material shared by a sibling
|
|
|
|
Identical twins
|
Monozygotic twins- one of two twins who develop from the same egg and who carry almost identical genetic material
|
|
|
|
Bentham's pain and pleasure
|
The two sovereign masters or nature
In order to control crime, the commission must outweigh the pleasure derived by the criminal activity |
|
|
|
Locke's ideas of Government
|
Further developed Hobbes theory of social contract; included giving up interpersonal responsibility.
|
Developed checks and balances
|
|
|
Magna Carta
|
The foundation stone of our present liberties
|
The great charter
|
|
|
Fraternal twins
|
Dizygotic twins- a twin who develops from a separate ovum and who carries the genetic material shared by a sibling
|
|
|
|
Identical twins
|
Monozygotic twins- one of two twins who develop from the same egg and who carry almost identical genetic material
|
|
|
|
XYY super male
|
XYY men were quickly identified as potentially dangerous
Little evidence supports this |
|
|
|
Bentham's pain and pleasure
|
The two sovereign masters or nature
In order to control crime, the commission must outweigh the pleasure derived by the criminal activity |
|
|
|
Locke's ideas of Government
|
Further developed Hobbes theory of social contract; included giving up interpersonal responsibility.
|
Developed checks and balances
|
|
|
Magna Carta
|
The foundation stone of our present liberties
|
The great charter
|
|
|
Fraternal twins
|
Dizygotic twins- a twin who develops from a separate ovum and who carries the genetic material shared by a sibling
|
|
|
|
Identical twins
|
Monozygotic twins- one of two twins who develop from the same egg and who carry almost identical genetic material
|
|
|
|
XYY super male
|
XYY men were quickly identified as potentially dangerous
Little evidence supports this |
|
|
|
Endomorph
|
A body type described as soft and round/overweight
Relaxed and sociable (vicerotonic) |
|
|
|
Bentham's pain and pleasure
|
The two sovereign masters or nature
In order to control crime, the commission must outweigh the pleasure derived by the criminal activity |
|
|
|
Locke's ideas of Government
|
Further developed Hobbes theory of social contract; included giving up interpersonal responsibility.
|
Developed checks and balances
|
|
|
Magna Carta
|
The foundation stone of our present liberties
|
The great charter
|
|
|
Fraternal twins
|
Dizygotic twins- a twin who develops from a separate ovum and who carries the genetic material shared by a sibling
|
|
|
|
Identical twins
|
Monozygotic twins- one of two twins who develop from the same egg and who carry almost identical genetic material
|
|
|
|
XYY super male
|
XYY men were quickly identified as potentially dangerous
Little evidence supports this |
|
|
|
Endomorph
|
A body type described as soft and round/overweight
Relaxed and sociable (vicerotonic) |
|
|
|
Bentham's pain and pleasure
|
The two sovereign masters or nature
In order to control crime, the commission must outweigh the pleasure derived by the criminal activity |
|
|
|
Locke's ideas of Government
|
Further developed Hobbes theory of social contract; included giving up interpersonal responsibility.
|
Developed checks and balances
|
|
|
Magna Carta
|
The foundation stone of our present liberties
|
The great charter
|
|
|
Fraternal twins
|
Dizygotic twins- a twin who develops from a separate ovum and who carries the genetic material shared by a sibling
|
|
|
|
Identical twins
|
Monozygotic twins- one of two twins who develop from the same egg and who carry almost identical genetic material
|
|
|
|
XYY super male
|
XYY men were quickly identified as potentially dangerous
Little evidence supports this |
|
|
|
Endomorph
|
A body type described as soft and round/overweight
Relaxed and sociable (vicerotonic) |
|
|
|
Auguste Comte
|
Father of sociology
Said strict positivism represents a reality where facts can be scientifically measured and controlled |
|
|
|
Positivism
|
Established a scientific basis for criminology
|
|
|
|
Bentham's pain and pleasure
|
The two sovereign masters or nature
In order to control crime, the commission must outweigh the pleasure derived by the criminal activity |
|
|
|
Locke's ideas of Government
|
Further developed Hobbes theory of social contract; included giving up interpersonal responsibility.
|
Developed checks and balances
|
|
|
Magna Carta
|
The foundation stone of our present liberties
|
The great charter
|
|
|
Fraternal twins
|
Dizygotic twins- a twin who develops from a separate ovum and who carries the genetic material shared by a sibling
|
|
|
|
Identical twins
|
Monozygotic twins- one of two twins who develop from the same egg and who carry almost identical genetic material
|
|
|
|
XYY super male
|
XYY men were quickly identified as potentially dangerous
Little evidence supports this |
|
|
|
Endomorph
|
A body type described as soft and round/overweight
Relaxed and sociable (vicerotonic) |
|
|
|
Auguste Comte
|
Father of sociology
Said strict positivism represents a reality where facts can be scientifically measured and controlled |
|
|
|
Positivism
|
Established a scientific basis for criminology
|
|
|
|
Cesare lombroso
|
Father of modern criminology
Termed atavism |
|
|
|
Bentham's pain and pleasure
|
The two sovereign masters or nature
In order to control crime, the commission must outweigh the pleasure derived by the criminal activity |
|
|
|
Atavism
|
A term used to suggest that criminals are physiological throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution
|
Regression
|
|
|
Locke's ideas of Government
|
Further developed Hobbes theory of social contract; included giving up interpersonal responsibility.
|
Developed checks and balances
|
|
|
Magna Carta
|
The foundation stone of our present liberties
|
The great charter
|
|
|
Fraternal twins
|
Dizygotic twins- a twin who develops from a separate ovum and who carries the genetic material shared by a sibling
|
|
|
|
Identical twins
|
Monozygotic twins- one of two twins who develop from the same egg and who carry almost identical genetic material
|
|
|
|
XYY super male
|
XYY men were quickly identified as potentially dangerous
Little evidence supports this |
|
|
|
Endomorph
|
A body type described as soft and round/overweight
Relaxed and sociable (vicerotonic) |
|
|
|
Positivism
|
The application of scientific techniques to the study of criminals. Established a scientific basis for criminology. Focused attention on socialization, genetics, economic conditions and peer group influences that could affect criminality
|
|
|
|
Cesare lombroso
|
Father of modern criminology
Termed atavism |
He went about testing the scientific method in a professional way
|
|
|
Cesare lombroso
|
Father of modern criminology
Termed atavism |
|
|
|
Justinian Code
|
Consisted of the Institues, the Digest, and the Code
|
|
|
|
Justinian Code
|
Consisted of the Institues, the Digest, and the Code
|
|
|
|
Neoclassical Criminology
|
A contemporary version of criminology that emphasizes deterrence and retribution with reduced emphasis on rehabilitation
|
|
|
|
Three factors of crime
|
Opportunity
Individuals choice Social background |
|
|
|
Warrior gene
|
MAOA breaks down serotonin and noradrenaline
Linked to aggressive behavior |
|
|
|
Warrior gene
|
MAOA breaks down serotonin and noradrenaline
Linked to aggressive behavior |
|
|
|
CREB genes
|
Forms basis of memory and learning turns these genes on
|
|
|
|
Warrior gene
|
MAOA breaks down serotonin and noradrenaline
Linked to aggressive behavior |
Monoamine oxidase A
|
|
|
Warrior gene
|
MAOA breaks down serotonin and noradrenaline
Linked to aggressive behavior |
Monoamine oxidase A
|
|
|
FOX P2
|
Allows development of language skills
|
|
|
|
Warrior gene
|
MAOA breaks down serotonin and noradrenaline
Linked to aggressive behavior |
Monoamine oxidase A
|
|
|
FOX P2
|
Allows development of language skills
|
|
|
|
Biological embedding
|
Learn by social experience
|
|
|
|
Twinkie defense
|
Nightlong binge on sugar caused him to have an imbalanced state
|
|
|
|
Twinkie defense
|
Nightlong binge on sugar caused him to have an imbalanced state
|
|
|
|
Pollution
|
Is a factor of crime just as much ad poverty is
|
|
|
|
Twinkie defense
|
Nightlong binge on sugar caused him to have an imbalanced state
|
|
|
|
Pollution
|
Is a factor of crime just as much ad poverty is
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
Is the happy neurotransmitter that's is found mostly in the INTESTINES
|
|
|
|
Twinkie defense
|
Nightlong binge on sugar caused him to have an imbalanced state
|
|
|
|
Pollution
|
Is a factor of crime just as much ad poverty is
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
Is the happy neurotransmitter that's is found mostly in the INTESTINES
|
|
|
|
Oxytocin
|
A chemical that creates trust bonds in all types of human relationships
|
|
|
|
Twinkie defense
|
Nightlong binge on sugar caused him to have an imbalanced state
|
|
|
|
Pollution
|
Is a factor of crime just as much ad poverty is
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
Is the happy neurotransmitter that's is found mostly in the INTESTINES
|
|
|
|
Oxytocin
|
A chemical that creates trust bonds in all types of human relationships
|
|
|
|
Anthony Walsh
|
Founder of contemporary bio social criminology
|
|
|
|
Twinkie defense
|
Nightlong binge on sugar caused him to have an imbalanced state
|
|
|
|
Pollution
|
Is a factor of crime just as much ad poverty is
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
Is the happy neurotransmitter that's is found mostly in the INTESTINES
|
|
|
|
Oxytocin
|
A chemical that creates trust bonds in all types of human relationships
|
|
|
|
Anthony Walsh
|
Founder of contemporary bio social criminology
|
|
|
|
Gender ratio problem
|
Gets bigger with time and violence (men do more serious crimes. Women do more theft/ prostitution)
|
|
|
|
Twinkie defense
|
Nightlong binge on sugar caused him to have an imbalanced state
|
|
|
|
Pollution
|
Is a factor of crime just as much ad poverty is
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
Is the happy neurotransmitter that's is found mostly in the INTESTINES
|
|
|
|
Oxytocin
|
A chemical that creates trust bonds in all types of human relationships
|
|
|
|
Anthony Walsh
|
Founder of contemporary bio social criminology
|
|
|
|
Gender ratio problem
|
Gets bigger with time and violence (men do more serious crimes. Women do more theft/ prostitution)
|
|
|
|
3 myths
|
-blank slate
- the noble savage (humans are good) -ghost in the machine( individual has a soul like property) |
|
|
|
Twinkie defense
|
Nightlong binge on sugar caused him to have an imbalanced state
|
|
|
|
Pollution
|
Is a factor of crime just as much ad poverty is
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
Is the happy neurotransmitter that's is found mostly in the INTESTINES
|
|
|
|
Oxytocin
|
A chemical that creates trust bonds in all types of human relationships
|
|
|
|
Anthony Walsh
|
Founder of contemporary bio social criminology
|
|
|
|
Gender ratio problem
|
Gets bigger with time and violence (men do more serious crimes. Women do more theft/ prostitution)
|
|
|
|
3 myths
|
-blank slate
- the noble savage (humans are good) -ghost in the machine( individual has a soul like property) |
|
|
|
Psychologist
|
PHD
|
|
|
|
Twinkie defense
|
Nightlong binge on sugar caused him to have an imbalanced state
|
|
|
|
Pollution
|
Is a factor of crime just as much ad poverty is
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
Is the happy neurotransmitter that's is found mostly in the INTESTINES
|
|
|
|
Oxytocin
|
A chemical that creates trust bonds in all types of human relationships
|
|
|
|
Anthony Walsh
|
Founder of contemporary bio social criminology
|
|
|
|
Gender ratio problem
|
Gets bigger with time and violence (men do more serious crimes. Women do more theft/ prostitution)
|
|
|
|
3 myths
|
-blank slate
- the noble savage (humans are good) -ghost in the machine( individual has a soul like property) |
|
|
|
Psychologist
|
PHD
|
|
|
|
Psychiatrist
|
MD can prescribe you drugs
|
|
|
|
Primary psychopaths
|
Born with it
|
|
|
|
Primary psychopaths
|
Born with it
|
|
|
|
Secondary psychopaths
|
Learn through personal experience
|
|
|
|
Primary psychopaths
|
Born with it
|
|
|
|
Secondary psychopaths
|
Learn through personal experience
|
|
|
|
Five factor model
|
Openness
Conscientious Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
|
|
|
Primary psychopaths
|
Born with it
|
|
|
|
Secondary psychopaths
|
Learn through personal experience
|
|
|
|
Five factor model
|
Openness
Conscientious Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
|
|
|
Sigmund freud
|
Coined psychoanalysis
Criminal behavior is maladaptive, the result of inadequacies inherent in the personality of the offender |
|
|
|
Primary psychopaths
|
Born with it
|
|
|
|
Secondary psychopaths
|
Learn through personal experience
|
|
|
|
Five factor model
|
Openness
Conscientious Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
|
|
|
Sigmund freud
|
Coined psychoanalysis
Criminal behavior is maladaptive, the result of inadequacies inherent in the personality of the offender |
|
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
Distorted way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Inability to think logically
|
|
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
Distorted way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Inability to think logically
|
|
|
|
Alloplastic adaptation
|
Crime reduced stressed that the individual faces by producing changes in the environment
|
|
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
Distorted way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Inability to think logically
|
|
|
|
Alloplastic adaptation
|
Crime reduced stressed that the individual faces by producing changes in the environment
|
|
|
|
Auto plastic adaptation
|
Crime leads to stress reduction as a result of internal changes in beliefs and values systems
|
|
|
|
Forms of attachment
|
Secure attachment is the healthy form
|
|
|
|
Primary culture conflict
|
Clash of culture
|
|
|
|
Primary culture conflict
|
Clash of culture
|
|
|
|
Secondary conflict
|
Smaller cultures with the primary one clash
|
|
|
|
Primary culture conflict
|
Clash of culture
|
|
|
|
Secondary conflict
|
Smaller cultures with the primary one clash
|
|
|
|
Focal concerns of delinquent subcultures
|
Trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate and autonomy
|
|
|
|
Strain theory
|
A sociological approach that poses a disjuncture between socially and subculturally sanctions means and goals as the cause of crime. Or pressured to meet goals but don't have the tools to meet the goals, results in crime.
|
Conformity is most common
Retreatism is least common |
|
|
Hotspots
|
Place based crime prevention/policing. A special street or house may need more police supervision.
|
|
|
|
Hotspots
|
Place based crime prevention/policing. A special street or house may need more police supervision.
|
|
|
|
Broken windows theory
|
Sketchy area=easier to get away with crime
|
|
|
|
5 Chicago zones
|
Zone 1(the loop) retail business and light manufacturing
Zone 2 business uses (houses/factories) Zone 3 working class tenements Zone 4 middle class homes Zone 5 suburbs( commuter zones) |
|
|
|
If the crime isn't illegal...
|
Criminals find it less exciting
|
|
|
|
If the crime isn't illegal...
|
Criminals find it less exciting
|
|
|
|
Skinner
|
Operant conditioning
|
Who let the rats out??
|
|
|
If the crime isn't illegal...
|
Criminals find it less exciting
|
|
|
|
Skinner
|
Operant conditioning
|
Who let the rats out??
|
|
|
Pavlov
|
Classical conditioning
|
Who let the dogs out?!
|
|
|
If the crime isn't illegal...
|
Criminals find it less exciting
|
|
|
|
Skinner
|
Operant conditioning
|
Who let the rats out??
|
|
|
Pavlov
|
Classical conditioning
|
Who let the dogs out?!
|
|
|
Theories are used for...
|
Data helps create policies which prevents crime
|
POLOCIES
|
|
|
If the crime isn't illegal...
|
Criminals find it less exciting
|
|
|
|
Skinner
|
Operant conditioning
|
Who let the rats out??
|
|
|
Pavlov
|
Classical conditioning
|
Who let the dogs out?!
|
|
|
Theories are used for...
|
Data helps create policies which prevents crime
|
POLOCIES
|
|
|
Mertons goals and means disjuncture
|
Conformity ++
Innovation +- Ritualism -+ Retreatism - - Rebellion (both plus minus) |
|
|
|
Social structure theories
|
Explain crime by reference to the economic and social arrangements of society. Negative impacts on social structure produce criminal behavior
|
|
|
|
Social disorganization theory
|
Depicts social change, social conflict, and a lack of social consensus as the root causes of crime and deviance.
|
|
|
|
Culture conflict theory
|
A sociological perspective on crime that suggests that the root cause of criminality can be found in a clash of values between variously socialized groups over what is acceptable behavior
|
|
|
|
Id
|
Drives wishes urges
|
|
|
|
Id
|
Drives wishes urges
|
|
|
|
Ego
|
The reality testing part of criminality
|
|
|
|
Superego
|
Moral aspect of personality
|
|
|
|
Sensory motor stage
|
Birth- 2yrs
|
|
|
|
Sensory motor stage
|
Birth- 2yrs
|
|
|
|
Preoperational
|
2-7 yrs
|
|
|
|
Concrete operational
|
7-11
|
|
|
|
Concrete operational
|
7-11
|
|
|
|
Formal operational
|
11-16
|
|
