Criminology is the social-scientific academic study of crime and criminals. It focuses immensely on how and why crime happens and how to prevent it. Many criminologists queried and argued about when criminology first became its own independent discipline. Hayward & Morrison (2009), cited in Hale et al (2009), claimed that theoretical criminology has been an academic discipline for over two centuries. On the contrary, Garland (2002), cited in Newburn (2007) stated that the “new science of criminology’ emerged about 130 years ago and only became an independent discipline about 60-70 years ago”.
The birth of criminology is said to have emerged in the 18th century. Classical Criminology or Classicism emphasised on that individuals have the free …show more content…
He argued that criminality was inherited through genetics rather than crime being a character of human nature. Therefore, he produced a theory criminal atavism. These included biological characteristics that could indicate that an individual was born a criminal nature. Features of the face such as having high cheek bones, prominent eyebrow ridges and a big jaw line were some of the external attributes. The internal features included one’s craving for evil and the individual’s state and mind being in a primitive form of a human being. Ellwood (1912) claims Lombroso’s work can be open for criticism as his theory of criminal atavism itself can be questionable whether atavism in itself can be considered an important causative factor in the production of the born criminal. Ellwood (1912) states that ‘Lombroso seems to assume that man has slowly passed from an anti-social to a social state, whereas we know now, that the social life of primitive man was probably not less intense than that of civilized man, only it was …show more content…
Globalisation is the interconnectedness of societies around the world. There is so much connectedness due to factors such as internet connections (World Wide Web, social media), telecommunications, resources such as fuels and oil and travel connections e.g. plane flights. Held et al (1999), cited in Webb et al (2009) suggest that there has been a globalisation of crime across national borders. This has brought the spread of transitional organised crime and new offences such as cyber-crime. The global criminal economy is worth over £1 trillion per year (Castells, 1998, cited in Webb et al, 2009: p.127). Criminal organisations use corrupted methods to profit money through crime. They may be of threat to outside communities and the may control certain regions within that community. An example of a successful criminal organisation is the Colima Cartel; a Mexican drug trafficking gang. The global criminal economy takes many forms such as weapon trafficking, cyber-crime, green crime, international terrorism and smuggling of illegal immigrants. Because the world is very much connected, new insecurities are created and this produces a ‘risk consciousness’ (where risk is seen as global rather than linked to specific places). To demonstrate, the US borders have tightened as the media creates moral panics about too many immigrants crossing the border illegally. Misha Glenny (2008) produced a book on international
The birth of criminology is said to have emerged in the 18th century. Classical Criminology or Classicism emphasised on that individuals have the free …show more content…
He argued that criminality was inherited through genetics rather than crime being a character of human nature. Therefore, he produced a theory criminal atavism. These included biological characteristics that could indicate that an individual was born a criminal nature. Features of the face such as having high cheek bones, prominent eyebrow ridges and a big jaw line were some of the external attributes. The internal features included one’s craving for evil and the individual’s state and mind being in a primitive form of a human being. Ellwood (1912) claims Lombroso’s work can be open for criticism as his theory of criminal atavism itself can be questionable whether atavism in itself can be considered an important causative factor in the production of the born criminal. Ellwood (1912) states that ‘Lombroso seems to assume that man has slowly passed from an anti-social to a social state, whereas we know now, that the social life of primitive man was probably not less intense than that of civilized man, only it was …show more content…
Globalisation is the interconnectedness of societies around the world. There is so much connectedness due to factors such as internet connections (World Wide Web, social media), telecommunications, resources such as fuels and oil and travel connections e.g. plane flights. Held et al (1999), cited in Webb et al (2009) suggest that there has been a globalisation of crime across national borders. This has brought the spread of transitional organised crime and new offences such as cyber-crime. The global criminal economy is worth over £1 trillion per year (Castells, 1998, cited in Webb et al, 2009: p.127). Criminal organisations use corrupted methods to profit money through crime. They may be of threat to outside communities and the may control certain regions within that community. An example of a successful criminal organisation is the Colima Cartel; a Mexican drug trafficking gang. The global criminal economy takes many forms such as weapon trafficking, cyber-crime, green crime, international terrorism and smuggling of illegal immigrants. Because the world is very much connected, new insecurities are created and this produces a ‘risk consciousness’ (where risk is seen as global rather than linked to specific places). To demonstrate, the US borders have tightened as the media creates moral panics about too many immigrants crossing the border illegally. Misha Glenny (2008) produced a book on international