Criminal Justice Chapter 4-6

Front 1

Frankpledge

Back 1

A system in old English law in which members of a tithing (a group of ten families) pledged to be responsible for keeping order and bring violators to the law to court

Front 2

Tithing

Back 2

10 families bound together by the pledge

Front 3

Hundred

Back 3

10 tithings bound together by the pledge

Front 4

The Political Era

Back 4

Era that was often where the police seemed to be controlled by the dominant political party or city officials and corruption was frequent

Front 5

The Professional Model Era

Back 5

Era where J. Edgar Hoover became director of FBI and he wanted to establish a reputation for professionalism

Front 6

Community Policing Era

Back 6

Era that moved police from strictly crime-fighting focus toward greater emphasis on keeping order and providing services

Front 7

Community Policing

Back 7

Approach to policing that emphasizes close personal contact between police and citizens and the inclusion of citizens in efforts to solve problems, including vandalism, disorder, youth misbehavior, and crime.

Front 8

Problem Oriented Policing

Back 8

Community policing strategy that emphasizes solving problems of disorder in a neighborhood that may contribute to fear of crime and crime itself

Front 9

Broken Window Theory

Back 9

Theory that suggested that the major purpose of police preventing neighborhood deterioration,
Neighborhood deterioration leads to increase in crime because people move out, and If police stop neighborhood deterioration, crime will not increase because people will stay

Front 10

Subculture

Back 10

The symbols, beliefs, values, and attitudes shared by members of a subgroup of the larger society

Front 11

Meat Eater

Back 11

Go out and seek for bribes

Front 12

Grass Eater

Back 12

Accept bribes and favors if offered

Front 13

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

Back 13

Experiment where the question asked was if more patrols would prevent crime. Found that there was no significant reduction in crime

Front 14

"Working Personality"

Back 14

A set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to the work situation and environmental influences

Front 15

External Stress

Back 15

This is produced by real threats and dangers

Front 16

Organizational Stress

Back 16

Produced by the nature of work in a paramilitary structure: constant adjustment to changing schedules, irregular work hours, and detailed rules and procedures

Front 17

Personal Stress

Back 17

Caused by an officer's racial or gender status among peers or adjusting to group held beliefs

Front 18

Operational Stress

Back 18

The total effect with dealing with thieves, derelicts, and the mentally ill. Being lied to so often that all citizens become suspect

Front 19

Order Maintenence

Back 19

The police function of preventing behavior that disturbs or threatens to disturb the public peace or that involves face-to-face conflict among two or more people

Front 20

Law Enforcement

Back 20

The police function of controlling crime by intervening in situations in which the law has clearly been violated

Front 21

Service

Back 21

Police preform a broad range of services, especially for law-income citizens, that are not related to crime

Front 22

Watchmen Style

Back 22

Style of policing that emphasizes order maintenance and tolerates minor violations of law as officers use discretion to handle small infractions informally but makes arrests to major violations

Front 23

Legalistic Style

Back 23

Style of policing that emphasizes strict enforcement of laws and reduces officer's authority to handle matters informally

Front 24

Service Style

Back 24

Style of policing in which officers cater to citizens' desire for favorable treatment and sensitivity to individual situations by using discretion to handle minor matters in ways that seek to avoid embarrassment or punishment

Front 25

Internal Affairs Unit

Back 25

Part of police department that receives complaints from civilians, conducts investigations, and recommends action to police

Front 26

Civilian Review Boards

Back 26

Civilian outside police department review complaints and internal investigation, that often opposed by police, and power varies dramatically between departments

Front 27

Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA)

Back 27

Nonprofit organization formed by major law enforcement executives' associations to develop standards for police policies and practice; on request, will review police agencies and award accreditation upon meeting those standards

Front 28

Section 1983 Lawsuits

Back 28

Civil lawsuits authorized by a federal statue against state and local officials and local agencies when citizens have evidence that these officials or agencies have violated their federal constitutional rights

Front 29

Evidence Based Policing

Back 29

The deployment of police personnel and development of police strategies based on the utilization of results from social science studies on the nature of crime and other social problems and the effectiveness of past efforts to address these problems

Front 30

Incident-Driven Policing

Back 30

Policing in which calls for service are primary instigators of action

Front 31

Differential Response

Back 31

A patrol strategy that assigns priorities to calls for service and chooses the appropriate response

Front 32

Interpol

Back 32

The International Criminal Police Organization formed in 1946 and based in France with the mission of facilitating International cooperation in investigating transnational criminal activities and security threats

Front 33

U.S. Border Patrol

Back 33

Federal Law Enforcement Agency with responsibility for border security by patrolling national land borders and coastal waters to prevent smuggling, drug trafficking, and illegal entry, including entry by potential terrorists

Front 34

Law Enforcement Intelligence

Back 34

Information collected and analyzed by law enforcement officials, concerning criminal activities and organizations, such as gangs, drug traffickers, and organized crime.

Front 35

Fusion Centers

Back 35

Centers run by stats and large cities that analyze and facilitate sharing of information to assist law enforcement and homeland security agencies in preventing and responding to crime and terrorism threats

Front 36

Arizona v. Gant

Back 36

2009 police arrested a man who had just parked his car and house, arrested him and searched his car without his warrant. Suppress evidence so it couldn’t be used in a trail because it was obtained unlawfully (4th Amendment). Probable cause needed.

Front 37

Plain View Doctrine

Back 37

Officers may examine and use as evidence, without a warrant, contraband or evidence that is in open view at a location where they are legally permitted to be

Front 38

Seizures

Back 38

Police use authority to deprive people of their liberty or property and which must not be “unreasonable” according to the Forth Amendment.

Front 39

Reasonable Suspicion

Back 39

A situation in which specific articulable facts lead officers to conclude that the person may be engaging in criminal activity

Front 40

Arrest

Back 40

Significant deprivation of liberty, because a person is taken into police custody, transported to the police station or jail, and processed into the criminal justice system

Front 41

Probable Cause

Back 41

Reliable information indicating that it is more likely than not that evidence will be found in a specific location or that a specific person is guilty of a crime.

Front 42

Tennessee v. Garner

Back 42

In 1974, police officers were chasing an unarmed teenager who had just committed a burglary. The police shot and killed the teen as he tried to climb a fence to escape. The Supreme Court banned the use of deadly force after this case, unless the suspect is a danger to the officer or others

Front 43

Afidavit

Back 43

Written statement of fact, supported by oath or affirmation, submitted to judicial officers to fulfill the requirements of probable cause needed to obtained a search warrant.

Front 44

Illinois v. Gates

Back 44

Flexible test for identifying whether probable cause exists to justify a judge's issuance of a warrant allowing officers to arrest

Front 45

Chimel v. California

Back 45

Supreme court decision that endorsed warrant-less searches for weapons and evidence in the immediate vicinity of people who are lawfully arrested

Front 46

Terry v. Ohio

Back 46

the Court upheld the stop-and-frisk procedure when a police officer had good reasons to conclude that a person endangered the public by being involved in criminal activity

Front 47

U.S. vs. Drayton

Back 47

Judicial decision declaring that police officers are not required to inform people of their right to decline to be searched when police ask them for consent to be searched

Front 48

Exclusionary Rule

Back 48

The principle that illegally obtained evidence must be excluded from trial

Front 49

Wolf vs. Colorado

Back 49

Supreme court decision in which the 4th Amendment was applied against searches by the state and local police officers, but the exclusionary rule was not imposed as the remedy for violations of the 4th Amendment by these officials

Front 50

Mapp vs. Ohio

Back 50

Supreme Court decision that applied the exclusionary rule as the remedy for improper searches by the state and local officials

Front 51

Weeks vs. U.S.

Back 51

Supreme Court decision applying the exclusionary rule as the remedy for improper searches by federal law enforcement officials

Front 52

"Good Faith" Exception

Back 52

Exception to the exclusionary rule that permits the use of improperly obtained evidence when police officers acted in honest reliance on a defective statue, a warrant improperly issued by a magistrate, or consent to search by someone who lacked authority to give such permission

Front 53

U.S. vs. Leon

Back 53

Supreme Court decision announcing the “good faith” exception to the exclusionary rule

Front 54

Nix v. Williams

Back 54

Supreme Court ruling that improperly obtained evidence can be used when it would later have been inevitably discovered by the police

Front 55

Inevitable discovery

Back 55

If police would of found the evidence regardless of the warrant