Criminal Justice: Chapter 4 (Victims And Victimization)

Front 1

active precipitation

Back 1

The view that the source of many criminal incidents is the aggressive or provocative behavior of victims.

Front 2

capable guardians

Back 2

Effective deterrents to crime, such as police or watchful neighbors

Front 3

chronic victimization

Back 3

Those who have been crime victims maintain a significantly higher chance of future victimization than people who have remained nonvictims. Most repeat victimizations occur soon after a previous crime has occurred, suggesting that repeat victims share some personal characteristic that makes them a magnet for predators.

Front 4

crisis intervention

Back 4

Emergency counseling for crime victims.

Front 5

cycle of violence

Back 5

The idea that victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crimes themselves.

Front 6

date rape

Back 6

Forcible sex during a courting relationship.

Front 7

exclusionary rule

Back 7

The principle that prohibits using evidence illegally obtained in a trial. Based on the Fourth Amendment right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, the rule is not a bar to prosecution, as legally obtained evidence may be available that may be used in a trial.

Front 8

motivated offenders

Back 8

The potential offenders in a population. According to rational choice theory, crime rates will vary according to the number of motivated offenders.

Front 9

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Back 9

An extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors.

Front 10

passive precipitation

Back 10

The view that some people become victims because of personal and social characteristics that make them attractive targets for predatory criminals.

Front 11

posttraumatic stress disorder

Back 11

Psychological reaction to a highly stressful event; symptoms may include depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares.

Front 12

preventive detention

Back 12

The practice of holding dangerous suspects before trial without bail.

Front 13

restorative justice

Back 13

Using humanistic nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony.

Front 14

stalking

Back 14

A pattern of behavior directed at a specific person that includes repeated physical or visual proximity, unwanted communications, and/or threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person.

Front 15

suitable target

Back 15

According to routine activities theory, a target for crime that is relatively valuable, easily transportable, and not capably guarded.

Front 16

target hardening

Back 16

Making one's home or business crime proof through the use of locks, bars, alarms, and other devices.

Front 17

victim precipitation view

Back 17

The idea that the victim's behavior was the spark that ignited the subsequent offense, as when the victim abused the offender verbally or physically.

Front 18

victim-witness assistance programs

Back 18

Government programs that help crime victims and witnesses; may include compensation, court services, and/or crisis intervention.

Front 19

victimologist

Back 19

A person who studies the victim's role in criminal transactions.