Criminal Justice Chapter 13-15

Front 1

Conditions of release

Back 1

Conduct restrictions that parolees must follow as a legally binding requirement of being released.

Front 2

Discretionary release

Back 2

The release of an inmate from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board within the boundaries set by the sentences and the penal law.

Front 3

Expiration release

Back 3

The release of an inmate from incarceration, without further correctional supervision; the inmate cannot be returned to prison for any remaining portion of the sentence for the current offense.

Front 4

Furlough

Back 4

The temporary release of an inmate from a correctional institution for a brief period, usually one to three days, for a visit home. Such programs help maintain family ties and prepare inmates for release on parole.

Front 5

Halfway house

Back 5

A correctional facility housing convicted felons who spend a portion of their day at work in the community but reside in the halfway house during nonworking hours.

Front 6

Mandatory release

Back 6

The required release of an inmate from incarceration to community supervision upon the expiration of a certain period, as specified by a determinate-sentencing law or parole guidelines.

Front 7

Other conditional release

Back 7

A term used in some states to avoid the rigidity of mandatory release by placing convicts in various community settings under supervision.

Front 8

Parole

Back 8

The conditional release of an inmate from incarceration under supervision after part of the prison sentence has been served. Rests on an indeterminate sentencing structure.

Front 9

Work and educational release

Back 9

The daytime release of inmates from correctional institutions so they can work and attend school.

Front 10

CSI effect

Back 10

A widely discussed, but unproved, belief that television dramas revolving around forensic science raise jurors’ expectations about the use of scientific evidence in criminal cases and thereby reduce the likelihood of “guilty” verdicts in trials that rely solely on witness testimony and other forms of nonscientific evidence.

Front 11

DNA analysis

Back 11

A scientific technique that identifies people through their distinctive gene patterns. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the basic component of all chromosomes. All cells in an individual’s body (e.g. skin, blood, organs, semen) contain the same unique DNA.

Front 12

Electronic file management

Back 12

Computerization of court records, done to reduce reliance on paper documents and make documents easily accessible to the judge and attorneys via computer.

Front 13

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Back 13

Computer technology and software that permits law enforcement officials to map problem locations in order to understand calls for service and the nature and frequency of crimes and other issues within specific neighborhoods.

Front 14

Identity theft

Back 14

The theft of social security numbers, credit card information, and other information in order to secure loans, withdraw bank funds, and purchase merchandise while posing as someone else (the unsuspecting victim who will eventually lose money in these transactions).

Front 15

Latent fingerprints

Back 15

Impressions of the unique pattern of ridges on the fingertip that are left behind on objects. These impressions are the residue of natural skins secretions or contaminating materials such as ink, blood, or dirt that were present on fingertips at the time of their contact with the objects.

Front 16

Less

Back 16

lethal weapons-Weapons such as pepper spray and air-fired beanbags or nets that are meant to incapacitate a suspect without inflicting serious injuries.

Front 17

Kyllo v. United States (2001)

Back 17

Law enforcement officials cannot examine a home with a thermal-imaging device unless they obtain a warrant.

Front 18

Aftercare

Back 18

Juvenile justice equivalent of parole, in which delinquent is released from custodial sentence and supervised in the community.

Front 19

Delinquent

Back 19

A child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be a criminal act.

Front 20

Dependent child

Back 20

A child who has no parent or guardian or whose parents cannot give proper care.

Front 21

Detention hearing

Back 21

A hearing by juvenile court to determine if a juvenile should be detained or released prior to adjudication

Front 22

Diversion

Back 22

The process of screening children out of the juvenile justice system without a decision by the court.

Front 23

Neglected child

Back 23

A child who is receiving inadequate care because of some actions or inaction of his/her parents.

Front 24

Parens patriae

Back 24

The state as parent; the state as guardian and protector of all citizens (such as juveniles) who cannot protect themselves.

Front 25

PINS

Back 25

Acronym for person(s) in need of supervision. Designates juveniles who are either status offenders or thought to be on the verge of trouble.

Front 26

Status offender

Back 26

Any act committed by a juvenile that is considered unacceptable for a child, such as truancy or running away from home, but that would not be a crime if it were committed by an adult.

Front 27

Waiver

Back 27

Procedure by which the juvenile court waives its jurisdiction and transfers a juvenile case to the adult criminal court.

Front 28

Breed v. Jones (1975)

Back 28

Juveniles cannot be found delinquent in juvenile court and then transferred to adult court without a hearing on the transfer; to do so violates Double Jeopardy protections.

Front 29

In re Gault (1967)

Back 29

Juveniles have the right to counsel, confront and examine accusers, and to have adequate notice of charges when confinement is a possible punishment.

Front 30

In re Winship (1970)

Back 30

The standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt applies to juvenile delinquency proceedings.

Front 31

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)

Back 31

Juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a trial by jury.

Front 32

Schall v. Martin (1984)

Back 32

Juveniles can be held in preventive detention if there is concern that they may commit additional crimes while awaiting court action.