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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In aquatic environments, habitat heterogeneity is created primarily by:
A) underwater topography B) depth C) vegetation structure D) physical structures |
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which wind affects lakes?
A) determining seasonal changes in water temperature B) establishing Langmuir rotations C) establishing seiches D) transporting matter and energy through the water column |
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Why does a logistic population growth curve level off ?
A) Logistic growth occurs in populations that are not as healthy as those experiencing exponential growth. B) The logistic growth curve is less realistic, over the long term, than the exponential growth curve. C) All individuals in the population are too old to reproduce. D) Population growth slows as population size approaches carrying capacity. |
What do kelp and tube-building marine organisms have in common?
A) They form cells of water called gyres. B) They are photoluminescent. C) They do not interact with other species. D) Their activities alter marine habitats in ways that affect many other species. |
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Riffles and pools are associated with:
A) lotic ecosystems B) lentic ecosystems C) marine ecosystems D) global circulation patterns |
When referring to a group of individuals as a population, one should identify the _________________ that exists between this group and other groups.
A) obstacle B) distance C) disjunction D) similarity |
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________ is a form of spatial heterogeneity in which boundaries may be discerned among habitats.
A) Patchiness B) Connectedness C) Evenness D) Persistence |
If a lizard's life span is shorter than that of its preferred habitat, which of the following life-history traits will lizards (in this population) likely exhibit?
A) high rates and distances of dispersal B) limited dispersal C) periods of dormancy to endure nonhabitat environments D) nomadic behavior |
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In the exponential growth model, population growth is determined only by the population's ________ and _________.
A) size (N) and intrinsic rate of increase (r) B) size (N) and carrying capacity (K) C) carrying capacity (K) and migration D) size (N) and environment |
Which of the following statements about habitat is NOT true?
A) Habitat use often differs from habitat availability. B) Most species use more than one kind of habitat. C) Habitats change over time. D) All individuals in a population use habitat in the same way. |
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"The size of reserve fragments may be less important than their persistence over time." This statement argues that:
A) spatial scale is more important than temporal scale B) temporal scale is more important than spatial scale C) neither temporal scale nor spatial scale matters for population persistence D) natural disturbances, such as fire, should be prevented in reserve areas |
"Stochastic" means:
A) predictable B) random C) deterministic D) problematic |
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Edges typically _________ than interior habitats.
A) have a higher proportion of native plant species B) are less susceptible to wind damage and erosion C) are cooler, more humid, and less susceptible to entry by nest predators D) are warmer, less humid, and more susceptible to entry by nest predators |
In conserving biodiversity, _____ is the most important ecological process to be managed.
A) speciation B) predation C) succession D) grazing |
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Dredging, chemical manipulation, and biomanipulation are methods for:
A) removing phosphorus and other nutrients from freshwater habitats B) reducing erosion on agricultural lands C) managing nonnative species in freshwater habitats D) managing acidification in freshwater habitats |
Where would you find riparian vegetation?
A) in the interior of a forest B) on the bottom sediment of a lake C) adjacent to a body of water D) on rocks in a stream |
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Which species went extinct as a result of overhunting and habitat destruction, followed by interacting stochastic forces?
A) Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) B) Florida panther (Puma concolor coryii) C) Heath hen (Tympanuchus cupido cupido) D) Sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) |
The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is:
A) an endangered species in the United States B) the cause of massive economic and environmental damage in U.S. rivers and streams C) an inefficient filter feeder on zooplankton D) not equipped to compete with other mussels for space and resources |
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Which of the following is NOT a common trait of nonnative aquatic species?
A) dispersal primarily through human activity B) propagation primarily by sexual reproduction C) potential for extremely high reproductive rates D) All of the above are traits of nonnative aquatic species. |
Which of the following is a true statement about habitat loss and fragmentation?
A) Fragmentation increases isolation of habitat patches. B) Habitat loss has a more detrimental effect on edge species than on interior species. C) Large fragments are more likely than small fragments to lose species over time. D) As fragmentation increases, the amount of edge decreases |
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four "sources of uncertainty" that can affect population size?
A) natural catastrophes B) demographic stochasticity C) taxonomic stochasticity D) genetic stochasticity |
What is eutrophication?
A) decrease in lake pH due to acidic precipitation B) seasonal cycling of water temperature in lakes C) buildup of nutrients in rivers and lakes, resulting in low oxygen levels and damage to the biological community D) buildup of heavy metals in rivers and lakes |
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The goal of population viability analysis is to:
A) assess the risk of extinction for a population over a specific time period, with a specified probability level B) diagnose the causes of a population's decline C) prescribe conservation strategies for species at risk of extinction D) provide a "yes" or "no" answer about whether a species will go extinct |
The carp and Nile perch were both:
A) accidentally released in ships' ballast water B) driven extinct by zebra mussels C) ecologically beneficial when introduced to new habitats D) intentionally introduced outside their native ranges |
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Which of the following is an example of environmental stochasticity?
A) the death of a pregnant female B) the Allee effect C) the introduction of a new disease D) a new generation with a highly skewed sex ratio |
Which of the following is not a task of gap analysis?
A) map existing vegetation using satellite imagery B) identify "hot spots" of biodiversity C) map public lands and private conservation lands D) compare species distributions with the network of conservation lands |
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Which of the following is NOT a criticism of VORTEX and similar programs?
A) assumptions are overly simplistic B) required data usually are not available, especially for endangered species C) output may not be useful D) cannot incorporate stochasticity |
What is VORTEX?
A) a computer model used to study the spread of diseases in an ecosystem B) a suite of conservation problems associated with nonindigenous species C) a method of constructing life tables D) a computer model used to perform population viability analysis |
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The conceptual basis of corridors:
A) is founded on a single, widely accepted definition of corridor B) exempts corridor research from the need for controls (patches without corridors) C) is well supported by empirical evidence that corridors provide connectivity D) arose from the theory of island biogeography |
Connectivity exists among landscape elements only if:
A) patches or reserves are close together B) patches or reserves are large C) individuals move between connected patches or reserves D) habitat fragmentation has not occurred |
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Indices of biotic integrity are useful for:
A) measuring a sampled stream against a heavily degraded stream B) making measurements of specific chemical elements and compounds C) incorporating professional ecological judgment in evaluating a stream's condition D) maintaining a focus on pollution compliance |
In which of the following ways are nonindigenous species spread around the world?
A) release of ballast water from ships B) transport of wood products C) transport of produce D) all of the above |
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One of the strengths of population viability analysis (PVA) is that it:
A) requires researchers to assemble all known facts about a population, and identifies areas of needed research B) requires only limited data C) can evaluate the viability of communities and ecosystems, as well as populations D) is based on standard protocols that define what constitutes a valid PVA |
A landscape unit consisting of a fully protected core area, surrounded by zones of progressively more intense human use, is known as a:
A) multiple-use module B) metapopulation C) corridor D) patchy landscape |
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In Fahrig's (1997) simulation model of fragmentation and loss of breeding habitat,
A) no populations survived if any of the breeding habitat was lost. B) all populations survived as long as 80% of the total area was in breeding habitat. C) all populations survived as long as 20% of the total area was in breeding habitat. D) the degree of fragmentation was important, no matter what proportion of the breeding habitat remained. |
Why is the case history of the Line Creek elk herd instructive for conservation?
A) It illustrates that conservation must incorporate management of human activity outside reserves. B) It illustrates principles of mitigation. C) It illustrates the importance of monitoring before, during, and after human disturbance to determine if detrimental effects occur. D) all of the above |
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What is the status of most commercial fisheries?
A) Most have collapsed because of overfishing. B) Most are thriving, economically and ecologically. C) Most have begun to follow the example of the cod fishery in Newfoundland, which recovered in the 1990s. D) Most were rescued by the extension of territorial limits to 200 nautical miles. |
What nation has nearly one-fourth of the world's remaining wetlands?
A) United States B) Brazil C) China D) Canada |
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The minimum viable population (MVP) concept permits an estimate of population persistence at a specified level of ______ for a specified ______.
A) heterozygosity, time B) heterozygosity, habitat C) probability, time D) probability, habitat |
What is habitat?
A) an organism's physical and biological surroundings B) an organism's ecological role in a community C) another name for a nature reserve D) a landscape feature that does not change over time |
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The U.S. Congressional Office of Technology Assessment estimated that at least _____ nonindigenous species have become established in their new environments.
A) 450 B) 4,500 C) 45,000 D) 100,000 |
In Bennett's (1987) study of forest fragmentation in Australia,
A) smaller fragments consistently had more species. B) introduced species were more common in small forest fragments than in larger fragments. C) smaller-bodied species were less tolerant of fragmentation than larger-bodied species. D) fragmentation led to larger resident populations. |
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______ are areas "where the water table is at or near the surface, or the land is covered by shallow water."
A) Hydrothermal vents B) Wetlands C) Marine reserves D) Benthic habitats |
All of the following are ecologically destructive nonindigenous species EXCEPT the:
A) brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) B) pig (Sus scrofa) C) Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) D) Lord Howe Island woodhen (Tricholimnas sylvestris) |
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An ecosystem is:
A) all the populations of organisms coexisting in an area B) all living organisms on earth C) all the organisms in an area, interacting with the physical environment D) a habitat |
C
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Which of the following is a true statement about ecosystem management?
A) There is no single, universally accepted definition of ecosystem management. B) The legal mandate for ecosystem management is provided by the Ecosystem Protection Act. C) Ecosystem management dates back to the eighteenth century. D) Ecosystem management adopts a short-term approach to conservation, with a planning timeline of less than a year. |
A
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Ecosystem management and resource management differ in all the following ways except:
A) Resource management values beneficial use, whereas ecosystem management values continuing function. B) The goal of resource management is sustainability of ecosystem processes, whereas ecosystem management adopts a goal of production and use of commodities. C) The unit of resource management is a species or abiotic factor; the units of ecosystem management are landscape elements. D) Resource management decision making occurs in a single government agency, but multiple agencies and private stakeholders are involved in ecosystem management decisions. |
B
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The _________ of 1994 provided legal protection for an ecosystem.
A) National Grassland Protection Act B) National Forest Management Act C) National Environmental Policy Act D) California Desert Protection Act |
D
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Which of the following is required for ecosystem management to be experimental?
A) relatively undisturbed areas for controls B) baseline data on ecosystem processes and components C) manipulation of ecosystems D) All of the above are required for an experimental approach to management. |
D
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What technology facilitates the acquisition of long-term, regularly collected data?
A) population viability analysis B) remote sensing C) gap analysis D) analysis of pollen grains |
B
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