Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Why is studying com theory important?
|
Communication theory helps us understand other people and their communities, the media, and our associations with families , friends, roommates, co-workers, companions, and most importantly ourselves.
|
|
|
Define communication
Explain the 5 key terms from this definition |
A social process
individuals employ symbols establish and interpret meaning in their environment Social: involves people and interactions Process: Ongoing and dynamic Symbols: arbitrary labels or representations of phenomena Meaning: What people extract from a message Environment: situation or context in which the communication occurs |
|
|
What are the two types of symbols?
|
Abstract: symbol stands for a thought or an idea
Concrete: symbol represents and object |
|
|
What is a mediated environment?
|
communication taking place with the help of technology
|
|
|
Explain the Intentionality debate
|
Centers around the question of can we not communicate
OR Whether unintentional behaviors are communicative Palo Alto Team said that you can't not communication - made communication synonymous with behavior - the book rejects this |
|
|
Describe the transactional model
|
Simultaneously sending and receiving messages in communication episode - both the sender and receiver are responsible for the effect and the effectiveness of the communication
Differences from Interactional: One person sender and one person receiver. Feedback occurs, but not simultaneously. Differences from Linear: One message. Clear end and beginning. Passive listener. |
|
|
Field of experience:
|
How a person's culture, experiences, and heredity influence his or her ability to communicate with another
|
|
|
Which 1/5 of the com definition represents how conversation changes from one era to another?
|
Process
|
|
|
What shape describes communication?
|
Spiral
|
|
|
Who developed linear model?
Interactional Model? LIT |
Shannon & Weaver
Wilbur Schramm ? |
|
|
Bigoted comments represent what type of noise?
|
Psychological noise
|
|
|
Name and the 7 communication traditions
|
1. Rhetorical
2. Semiotic 3. Phenomenological 4. Cybernetic 5. Socio-psychological 6. Socio-cultural 7. Critical tradition |
|
|
Explain the rhetorical tradition
|
public speaking, appeals, engaging an audience
|
|
|
Explain the semiotic tradition
|
the study of signs / symbols, meaning is achieved when we share a common language (based on social / cultural meaning at the time)
|
|
|
Explain the phenomenological tradition
|
personal interpretation of everyday life and activities, tries to eliminate biases
|
|
|
Explain the cybernetic tradition
|
looks at noise in the communication process
|
|
|
Explain the socio-psychological tradition*
|
cause effect model
variables, relationships, patterns |
|
|
Explain the socio-cultural tradition*
|
interactions depend on shared preexisting cultural patterns and social structures
|
|
|
Explain the critical tradition
|
injustice, oppression, power, linguistic dominance, critiquing social order
|
|
|
Name the 7 types of communication contexts
|
1. Intrapersonal
2. Interpersonal 3. Small Group Communication 4. Organizational Communication 5. Public / Rhetorical Communication 6. Mass / Media Communication 7. Cultural Communication |
|
|
1. Intrapersonal
|
communication with oneself
|
|
|
2. Interpersonal
|
face to face communication
|
|
|
3. Small Group Communication
|
atleast 3 indivdiuals
|
|
|
4. Organizational Communication
|
among large, extended groups
|
|
|
5. Public / Rhetorical Communication
|
public communication from one to many
|
|
|
6. Mass / Media Communication
|
channels for mass messages
|
|
|
7. Cultural Communication
|
communication between and among individuals whose cultural backgrounds vary
|
|
|
Self esteem:
|
the degree of positive orientation people have about themselves
|
|
|
What are the 4 terms associated with small group communication? Explain.
|
Cohesiveness: the degree of togetherness between and among communicators
Synergy: the intersection of multiple perspectives in a small group Networks: communication patterns Roles: Positions group members assume |
|
|
the cybernetic tradition views communication as
|
information science
|
|
|
The Hawthorne represents which context of communication
|
organizational
|
|
|
Who developed symbolic interaction theory?
|
George Herbert Mead
|
|
|
Describe Symbolic Interaction Theory
|
The theory states that people are motivated based on symbols - these symbols create a language which is used to communicate in interpersonal and intrapersonal contexts
|
|
|
Explain the Chicago School
|
Influenced symbolic interaction theory
Used qualitative methods |
|
|
What tradition is SIT closely linked to?
|
Semiotic tradition
|
|
|
Name the 3 themes of assumptions for SIT
|
1. Importance of meaning
2. Importance of self-concept 3. Importance of the relationship between the individual and society |
|
|
Self concept:
|
A relatively stable set of perceptions people hold about themselves
|
|
|
What are the 7 assumptions of SIT (3 categories)
|
Importance of meaning
1) Humans act towards others on the basis of meanings 2) Meaning is created through interaction 3) Meaning is modified through an interpretive process Importance of self concept 4) Self-concept developed through interacition 5) Self-concept provide and important motive for behavior Importance of the relationship between the individual and society 6) People & groups are influenced by cultural and social processes 7)Social structure is worked out through social interaction |
|
|
Self-fulfilling prophecy:
|
a prediction about yourself that causes you to behave in a way that makes it come true
|
|
|
SIT: Mind:
|
minds are developed through social interactions with others. the way people internalize society and gain ability to use symbols.
|
|
|
SIT: Language
|
A shared system of verbal and nonverbal symbols that are organizes in patterns to express our thoughts and feelings
|
|
|
SIT: Significant symbols
|
symbols that are agreed upon by many
|
|
|
SIT: Thought
|
an inner conversation
|
|
|
SIT: Role taking:
|
the ability to symbolically place yourself in the imagined self of another
|
|
|
SIT: Self
What are the 3 principles of development? |
Ability to reflect upon ourselves from the perspective of others
1. We imagine how we appear to others 2. We imagine their judgement of us 3. We feel hurt or pride based on these self feelings |
|
|
SIT: Pygmalion effect:
|
Second type of self fulfilling prophecy - living up (or down) to others expectations of us
|
|
|
SIT: Explain I vs. Me
|
I: the subject / acting self - impulsive creative
Me: The object or observing self - the reflective and socially aware self |
|
|
SIT: Society:
|
Web of social relationships that humans create and respond to
|
|
|
SIT: Particular others:
|
Indivdiuals in society that are important to us
|
|
|
Sit: Generalized other
|
viewpoint of a social group, or culture as a whole
|
|
|
Name the 4 integration points for Symbolic Interaction Theory
(3) |
Tradition: Semiotic
Context: Intra and interpersonal Knowing: Interpretive Critique: Scope (too broad), Utility (not as useful as it could be, ignores important concepts) Testability: not directly observable *But enduring theory |
|
|
SIT: What school adopted a scientific approach to their study? And the other?
|
Iowa
Chicago |
|
|
Another term for looking glass self is?
|
Reflected appraisals
|
|
|
Peoples ability to use symbols that have common social meaning is called
|
Mind
|
|
|
According to Mead one of the most crucial activities we accomplish through thought is
|
role taking
|
|
|
CDT is what type of theory?
|
A consistency theory
|
|
|
Who developed CDT?
|
Leon Festinger
|
|
|
What is CDT?
|
The experience of dissonance created by incompatible beliefs and actions OR two incompatible beliefs is unpleasant. Because this cognitive dissonance is unpleasant people are motivated to reduce the dissonance.
|
|
|
CDT: Cognitions
|
ways of knowing, beliefs, judgements, and thoughts
|
|
|
CDT: Cognitive Dissonance
|
Feeling of discomfort resulting from inconsistent attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors
|
|
|
CDT: Magnitude of Dissonance
|
the quantitative amount of discomfort felt
|
|
|
What are the three relationships two things can have? CDT
|
Consonant
Dissonant Irrelevant |
|
|
What are the 3 factors that influence magnitude of dissonance?
|
Importance: how significant the issue is
Dissonance Ratio: the amount of consonant cognitions in relation to the negative ones Rationale: reason for the inconsistency |
|
|
What are the 4 assumptions of CDT?
|
1. Humans desire consistency
2. Dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies 3. Dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to actions 4. Dissonance motivates efforts to achieve consonance / dissonance reduction |
|
|
What are the 3 ways to cope with CD?
|
1. Add or subtract cognitions
2. Reduce importance of cognitions 3. Seek out information that supports belief / change belief |
|
|
CDT:
Selective exposure Selective Attention Selective interpretation Selective retention |
e: seeking consistent info not already present
a: looking at consistent information once its already there i: interpreting ambigous information so its consistent r: remembering consonant info |
|
|
Explain the idea of minimal justification
|
Def: The least amount of incentive necessary for someone to do something
The greater the reward, the more or a ready justification the person has |
|
|
Integration CDT
|
Tradtion: Socio-psychological
Context: Intrapersonal Knowing: Empirical Criteria: Testability- not enough diss. Utility- some explain attitude change better |
|
|
Researchers like cognitive dissonance theory because of its connection to
|
Persuasion
|
|
|
Who developed Uncertainty Reduction Theory?
|
Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese
|
|
|
What is Uncertainty Reduction Theory?
|
Strangers primary focus in an interaction is decreasing (behavioral and cognitive) uncertainty and increasing predictability
|
|
|
What are the two subprocesses of Uncertainty Reduction Theory?
|
Prediction: the ability to forecase ones own and others behaviors
Explanation:the ability to interpret behavioral choices |
|
|
What are the two types of uncertainty in intitial encounters?
|
Cognitive Uncertainty
Behavioral Uncertainty |
|
|
URT: Self-disclosure
|
revealing private information about oneself to another
|
|
|
Define proactive UR & retroactive UR
|
when a person thinks about communication before engaging
when a person attempts to explain behavior after an interaciotn |
|
|
What are the 7 assumptions of URT?
|
1. People express uncertainty
2. Uncetainty is an aversive state 3. Strangers primary concern is reducing uncertainty and increasing predicatbility Interpersonal communication is a developmental process that occurs through stages 5) Interpersonal communication reduces uncertainty 6) The quantity and nature of information people share changes with time It's possible to predict peoples behavior in a lawlike fashion |
|
|
What are the 2 phases of URT?
|
Entry, Personal, Exit
|
|
|
What are the 3 Antecedent conditions for URT?
|
Reward / Punish, behaving contrary to expectations, future interactions
|
|
|
What are the 3 categories of strategies? Define?
Define 2 passive strategies |
Passive, Active, Interactive
Passive: Reactivity searching: watching in class room Disinhibition searching: when they don't know / informal enviornment |
|
|
Name a low context culture
|
The United states
|
|
|
URT: INTEGRATION
|
Tradition: Socio-psychological
Context: Interpersonal Empirical Utiltity / Heurism |
|
|
Who developed Social penetration theory?
|
Altman and Taylor
|
|
|
What does SPT say?
|
Interpersonal relationships evolve in a gradual and predictable fashion and that self-disclosure is the key to this happeneing
|
|
|
Social penetration
|
process of bonding that moves a relationship from superficial to more intimate
|
|
|
Trajectory
|
the pathway to closeness that relationships follow, somewhat organized and predictable fashion
|
|
|
What is SPT considered? A ___ theory?
|
A stage theory - because relationships develop in stages
|
|
|
What are the assumptions of SPT?
|
Relationships move from non intimate to intimate
Relational development is generally systematic and predictable Relationships include depenetration and dissolution Self disclosure is at the core or relationship developent |
|
|
Depenetration
|
slow deteoration of a realtionship
|
|
|
Dissolution
|
THe ending of a relationship
|
|
|
Self disclosure can be
|
Strategic or non strategic (stranger on the train)
|
|
|
Reciprocity
|
return of openness
|
|
|
Breadth
Depth Breadth time |
the # of topics discussed
the degree of intimacy regarding each topic the amout of time spent discussing various topics |
|
|
Onion analaogy
|
Public image
shifts in inner layers are more drastic |
|
|
SPT grounded in principles of what theory?
|
Social Exchange Teory
Reward cost ratio |
|
|
What are the 4 stages of SPT?
|
Orietation
Exploratory Affective Exchange Affective Exchange Stable Exchange |
|
|
SPT: Integration
|
Socio-psychological
Interpersonal Empirical Scope Heurism |
