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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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covert |
changes in neural responses to the stimulus |
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overt |
Body movements to align our sense organs to betterdetect the stimulus |
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Visual Overt Orienting |
Usually the fovea because it has the highest acuity |
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Two types of orienting eye movements |
Saccade: rapid shift of the eyeCan make approximately 4 saccades/second Vision is suppressed during the saccade Tracking eye movement: smooth gradual eye movement Requires a moving external stimulus |
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Salient |
Stimuli that are easily noticed are said to be |
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Top-Down Determinants of EyeMovements |
Top-down process Our knowledge obtain from previous experienceaffects how we direct our attention Object salience can be affected by current goals (scene schema) |
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Scene schema] |
knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes |
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Vo & Henderson (2009) |
People spend more timelooking at the printer in Bthan the pot in A |
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Visual Covert Orienting |
Shifting attention to regions of the visual fieldwithout overt movements of the body or eyes |
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spotlight of attention |
a region of thevisual field that is selected for enhanced processing |
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Precueing |
Information (a cue) that directsattention to a spatial location before thepresentation of the target (-->) |
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predictive cue |
the cue predicts the target location most of the time(e.g. 80% |
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Egly et al. (1994) |
Two side-by-side rectangles were presented, followed bya predicitve cue RT fastest when target appeared at the cued location RT was faster when the target appeared in the samerectangle relative to when the target appeared equally faraway from the cue the other rectangle |
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Divided Attention |
Frequently there are multiple important source ofinformation that we want to attend to |
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Schneider & Shiffrin (1977) |
Divide attention between remembering target andmonitoring rapidly presented stimuli |
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Consistent Mapping Condition |
Targets and distractors were always from different categories e.g., if targets were numbers, distractors were letters |
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Varied Mapping Condition |
Target and distractors are from the same category A target on one trial can be a distractor on a later trial And vice versa |
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automatic |
The consistent mapping condition task could be accomplished without effort (or even intention) and without consuming appreciable cognitive resources |
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Stroop effects |
When naming the colour of ink, performance is slowed if the ink is used to write the name of another colour Automatically reading the word interferes with the person's intention of naming the ink colour |
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Controlled Processing |
Varied mapping condition Subject had to pay close attention to the test frames Consumed a lot of cognitive resources Search was slow and effortful – you really have to try |
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Strayer and Johnston (2001) |
Simulated driving task Participants on cell phone missed twice as manyred lights and took longer to apply the brakes Same result using “hands-free” cell phone |
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Attention and Visual Perception |
Attention can improve the quality of perceptione.g., better able to make fine visual discriminations Attention speeds visual processing React to changes faster Attention affects if we notice something at all |
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Inattentional blindness |
a stimulus that is notattended is not perceived, even though a personmight be looking directly at it |
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Change blindness |
if shown two versions of apicture, differences between them are notimmediately apparent |
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Feature Integration Theory (FIT) |
proposes that attention is necessary to integratethe separately analyzed features into coherent objects (Binding) |
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illusionary conjunctions |
objects that combine features from different stimuli e.g., saw a red triangle and a yellow circle but report ayellow triangle and red circle |
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Converging evidence from many techniques(single cell recording, EEG, neuroimaging,neuropsychology) has shown that Attention |
involves processing that is distributed across a large number of areas in the brain enhances neural responding to attended stimuli can suppress responses to unattended stimuli |
