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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the stimuli we look at most in daily life? |
The face |
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Does hair make a big difference in facial perception? |
yes |
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What kind of information does a face convey about them? |
identity, age, mention, maybe personality (e.g. is this person trustworthy?) |
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What area recognizes faces? |
Fusiform Face area |
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Places, Faces, Visual words, other people's thoughts, bodies are all processed.... |
in different areas of the brain. |
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Located in the lateral fusiform gyrus |
Fusiform Face Area |
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Necessary for successful face detection and identification |
Fusiform Face Area |
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What causes facial recognition to vary? |
gender, race, ethnicity, SES. It is heritable. It is NOT correlated with IQ |
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What is the other race effect? |
It's harder to recognize people outside of your race |
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What's the time for perceptual narrowing? |
6 months |
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What does perceptual narrowing encompass? |
Experience narrows our facial perception abilities - Abilities to recognize faces, races, species, phonemes |
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What is Prosopagnosia? |
Face Blindness - ability to see faces is impaired. Approximately 2% of the population is effected |
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Why causes Prosopagnosia? |
Fusiform gyrus, or more specifically, fusiform face area (FFA) |
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Is there a cure for Prosopagnosia? |
No. No therapies have demonstrated lasting real world improvements. They DO learn "feature-by-feature" recognition strategies. |
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What are the 3 basic skin sensations? |
Touch (pressures), temperature, and pain |
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What is the vestibular sense? |
sense of body orientation with respect to gravity and three-dimentational space. (the semicircular canals provide the brain with balance information) |
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What is kinesthetic sense? |
aka - proprioception. sensory system for body posture, orientation, and movement (kinesthetic receptors are found throughout the muscles, joints, and tendons of the body) |
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What is proprioception? |
the sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement. |
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What is Sensation? |
The process of receiving converting and transmitting information from the outside world |
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What is top-down processing? |
Influenced by our experience. Backgrounds and experience influence our perception... cultural factors, SES, educational experience (all the individual differences we have) play a role in this. |
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What is bottom up processing? |
our physical interaction with the world |
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What Process? |
Bottom up processing: This sun is not like the others - implicit, we are drawn to the sun |
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What Process? |
Top-down processing: Harder to know what the right answer (without prompt) is since all the lines are similar... there is no real answer without trial and error |
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Where do our eyes move? |
broken into overt and covert attention - first fixation and quick move around the perimeter of the image |
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Overt attention |
Where our eyes specifically move |
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covert attention |
.... |
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This structure is important for directing visual attention to "novel" stimuli |
The Superior Colliculus |
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What is a Saccade? |
an eye movement in which the eyes jump from one position to the next (rather than moving slowly) |
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What is an Express Saccade? |
fast and reflexive in response to novel visual stimuli (superior colliculi) |
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What is a regular Saccade? |
voluntary eye movements (frontal eye fields) |
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What are catch up saccades? |
a quick movement of the eyes to catch up and follow an object (skipping and moving to the new location of the object) |
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What are anticipatory saccades? |
Anticipating the trajectory of an object in space by moving our eye towards the destination before it gets there |
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Area of the brain important for attentional selection and response (error) monitoring (making sure we are paying attention to things that are important in that task) |
Anterior cingulate cortex |
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Important for complex aspects of attention; executive control of attention -> can inhibit the more reflexive aspects of attention; top down processing (processing influenced by experience) |
Frontal Lobe |
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Example of Inattention Blindness |
Passing the basketball and gorilla walking through |
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What is inattentional blindness? |
people often miss the occurrence of an unexpected yet salute event if they are engaged in a different task |
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What have demonstrations of inattention blindness usually involved? |
Naive observers engaged in an unfamiliar task (e.g. basketball passing, not professional players) |
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Why do radiologists sometimes fail to detect such large anomalies? |
Event expert searchers, operating in their domain of expertise, are vulnerable to inattention blindness (e.g. gorilla in lung scan) - radiologists are experts as seeing that they EXPECT to see and are no better at detecting an unexpected stimulus in an area in which they are deemed an expert any better than a person with no training |
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What is satisfaction search? |
Once you find something that satisfies your search (e.g. a nodule) you stop looking and don't see other stimuli (e.g. the gorilla) |
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What is one of the most interesting aspects of working memory? |
Its capacity is limited |
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What is working/short term memory? |
task-related temporary storage and manipulation of information |
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Why does working memory mean? |
It is used in a brief period of time, temporary (online) storage, manipulates information, focuses attention |
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What is the Atkinson and Shiffrin Modal Model? |
Short term memory and memory storage |
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Whites the Baddeley and Hitch model? |
Working Memory - 3 component model of working memory Focuses on maintenance and manipulation |
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What are sensory registers? |
Atkinson and Shiffrin's Modal model: they detect sensory input from the various modalities (visual, auditory, haptic) - divided into iconic memory (very first second of visual memory processing .5-1 second) and echoic memory (auditory memory 1.5-5.0 seconds) - neural traces |
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What is short-term storage? |
Happens directly after sensory registers; where we hold onto information. Up to 30 seconds. Temporarily store information. |
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How do we increase the ability to hold onto information? |
Control processes: rehearsal, coding, etc. |
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Where does information go after the short-term store? |
either long-term store, or disregarded |
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What are criticisms of the Modal Model? |
Craik and Lockhart showed that... learning depends on the way the material is processed, rather than time in short-term storage (levels of processing)... more deeply you process something, the better you are at remembering it. |
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What is working memory considered to be? |
a processing-oriented construct. "workspace" ror "blackboard" of the mind in which the active processing and temporary storage of task-relevant information dynamically take place |
