Cognitive & Affective Exam I

Front 1

Involved in formation and processing learning and memory

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Cingulate Cortex

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Involved in error and conflict detection processes

Back 2

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

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Forms a central node in the default mode network

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Cingulate Cortex

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Implicated in depression and schizophrenia (The Devil's playground)

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Cingulate Cortex

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Neural substrate for human awareness (reported in studies of both anesthetized and vegetative [coma] states)

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Cingulate Cortex

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Pain and episodic memory retrieval (larger _____ is linked to poorer memory performance)

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Posterior Cingulate Cortex

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Two main areas involved in motor control

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Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum

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Caudate nucleus & Putamen are both parts of the...

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Striatum

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5 Main areas of the Basal Ganglia

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Striatum (Caudate nucleus &Putamen), Globus pallidus, Substantia nigra

Front 10

Responsible for control of voluntary motor movements (behaviors to execute at any given time)

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Basal Ganglia

Front 11

Activated in procedural learning (reward system), routine behaviors "habits," eye movements, cognition and emotions

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Basal Ganglia

Front 12

Abnormalities robustly associated with Tourette's syndrome, OCD, and movement disorders

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Basal Ganglia

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3 parts of the Cortex involved in sensory processing

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Primary Cortex, Secondary Cortez, Tertiary Cortex

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Mountain of the Brain

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Gyrus (Gyri)

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Valleys of the Brain

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Sulcus (Sulci)

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Postcentral gyrus is also known as...

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The Somatosensory strip

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Pre central gyrus is also known as...

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The Motor strip

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What are the Primary motor & Primary sensory strips of the brain?

Back 18

Longitudinal fissure, central sulcus, postcentral gyrus, sensory strip, pre central gyrus, motor strip, lateral fissure

Front 19

What are the two streams of information processing?

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Dorsal Stream "Where is is"

Ventral Stream "What is is"

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Dorsal Stream (Magnocellular pathway) tells us ____ it is

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WHERE

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Ventral Stream (Parvocellular pathway) tells us ____ it is

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WHAT

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Separated from the parietal lobe by a space between tissues called the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by a deep fold called the lateral sulcus (aka Sylvian fissure)

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Frontal Lobes

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The pre central gyrus forms the posterior border of the......

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Frontal Lobes

Front 24

Contains the primary motor cortex which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts

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Frontal Lobes

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Contrains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the Cortex

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Frontal Lobes

Front 26

Associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning and motivation

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Frontal Lobe

Front 27

reduced dopamine activity in the ________ is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning during working memory tasks, and to increased risk for schizophrenia

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Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)

Front 28

Examples of Executive Function

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Decision making, problem solving, planning, inhibition, sequencing, task switching, perseveration

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Executive Function relates and directs....

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cognitive processes, decision making, problem solving, learning, reasoning, and strategic thinking

Front 30

Found on the inferior third frontal gyrus in the hemisphere that is dominant for language

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Broca's area

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Associated with Auditory processing and olfaction

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Temporal Lobes

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Involved in semantics, or word meaning.

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Temporal Lobes

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Located on the posterior portion o the superior temporal gyrus in the hemisphere that is dominant for language ALSO Plays a critical role in the ability to understand and produce meaningful speech

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Wernicke's Area

Front 34

The area in the temporal lobe where sound first reaches the brain. IT is also known as the anterior transverse temporal gyrus, and is the primary auditory area

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Heschl's Gyrus

Front 35

Associated with sensation, including sense of touch, kinesthesia, perception of warmth and cold and of vibration, and spacial orientation

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Parietal Lobe

Front 36

Also known as the primary sensory area, or the sensory strip, is immediately posterior to the central sulcus

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Post Central Gyrus

Front 37

Located behind the post central gyrus

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Pre sensory secondary sensory or sensory association areas

Front 38

The Most posterior lobe, involved in vision

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Occipital Lobe

Front 39

Also knows as V1 or striate cortex - takes in input from the optic tract via the thalamus

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Primary Visual area

Front 40

Integrates visual information, creates percents, superior to the primary visual cortex, input from the the optic tract via the superior colliculi

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Secondary Visual areas

Front 41

favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood.

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Aristotle

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The "father of medicine", came down unequivocally in favor of the brain.

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Hippocrates

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Traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves.

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Galen

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What is Cartesian Dualism?

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identified the mind with consciousness and self-awareness. Distinguished ‘the mind’ from ‘the brain’ as the seat of intelligence

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Who was responsible for Cartesian Dualism?

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René Descartes

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What is Emergent Monoism?

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All mental states are states of the brainthe brain is not a physical machine but a biosystem, with a structure and an environment. The structure: composed of neurons and glial cells, from these cells, there are ‘emergent’ properties that include thinking and feeling. How do you know an apple tastes sweet?

Front 47

The Founder of Neuropsychology

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Brenda Milner

Front 48

Who was H.M.?

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Brenda Milner's famous patient, Henry Mollison, who she used to systematically describe deficits in cognition

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What are three types of participants we can have in cognitive research?

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1. Patients with "Lesions"

2. Healthy Individuals

3. Animals

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What is Dissociation?

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In cognitive science, dissociation involves identifying the neural substrate of a particular brain function through identification of lesion case studies, neuroimaging, or neuropsychological testing.

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What is a single Dissociation?

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demonstrating that a lesion to brain structure A disrupts function X but not function Y.

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What is a Double Dissociation?

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demonstrate that a lesion in brain structure A impairs function X but not Y, and further demonstrate that a lesion to brain structure B impairs function Y but spares function X. One can make more specific inferences about brain function and function localization.

Front 53

Give Two examples of classic double dissociation

Back 53

Wernicke’s aphasia – inability to understand speech

Broca’s aphasia – inability to produce speech