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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is working/short term memory? |
Task-related temporary storage and manipulation of information. |
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What does the definition of working/short term memory mean? |
-Operates over a few seconds -temporary storage -manipulates information -focuses attention |
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What is the Baddeley and Hitch Model? |
model of working memory that supports complex cognitive activities like reasoning instead of just storage |
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In the Baddeley and Hitch Model, what is working memory considered to be? |
a more processing-oriented construct. That is, a workspace or blackboard of the mind in which the act processing and temporary storage of task-relevant information dynamically take place |
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What are dual-task paradigms? |
In the Baddeley and Hitch Model, performance of two simultaneous tasks requiring the use of two separate perceptual domains (i.e. visual and a verbal task) is nearly as efficient as performance of the tasks individually |
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What is central executive attention? |
an attentionally-limited systems hat selects and manipulates material in two "slave" systems |
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What are the two "slave" systems of central executive attention? |
-Phonological loop -Visio-spatial sketchpad |
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What is the function of the the Phonological loop? |
Holds sequences of acoustic or speech-based items |
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What is the function of the Visio-spatial sketchpad? |
Holds visually and/or spatially encoded items and arrays |
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What does Phonological Loop do? |
-Aids in Language Learning. -Corresponds with verbal short term memory -is the best studied component of working memory - includes a temporary store and a verbal rehearsal process |
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Who is Patient PV? |
PV was unable to learn a new language. Her capacity to learn pairs of meaningful words was unimpaired, but she was not able to learn foreign language vocabulary. |
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Why was Patient PV unable to learn foreign language vocabulary? |
Damage to the Phonological Loop |
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What is the Phonological similarity effect? |
We are less able to remember similarity objects if they sound similar (BBGTCD VS FKYWMR) |
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What is the word length effect? |
shorter words are easier to remember than longer words |
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What is an example of subvocal articulation? |
Ask a participant to say "the, the, the"in their mind so they cannot mentally rehearse a set of numbers or words. |
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What are the two components of the visuospatial sketchpad? |
Visual cache & Inner scribe |
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What is the function of the visual cache? |
stores information about form and color |
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What is the function of the inner scribe? |
spatial and movement information. Also rehearses information in the visual cache and transfers information to the central executive. |
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What are Logie's 3 main findings regarding the visuospatial sketchpad? |
1) there is less interference between the visual spatial task than between two visual tasks or two spatial tasks 2) Brain damage can influence one of the components without influencing the other 3)WM tasks with visual objects active mostly the left hemisphere, where spacial activates the right |
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What are the 4 functions of the the central executive? |
1) funding information from a number of sources into coherent episodes 2)coordination of the slave systems 3) shifting between tasks or retrieval strategies 4) Selective attention and inhibition |
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What can central executive be thought of as? |
the supervisory system - it is composed of 2 components: the semi automatic conflict-resolution system and the supervisory attentional system (SAS) |
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What are the three main modes of operation that the central executive controls? |
1) phonological loop 2) visuospatial sketchpad 3) Episodic Buffer |
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What was the episodic buffer added to the model by Baddeley in 2004? |
As a way to explain the limitations of the two "slave systems" - it is the buffer between the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad |
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what is a memory trace? |
a trace is some form of physical and/or chemical change in the nervous system |
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What is forgetting? |
fading of the memory trace. Trace decay theory focuses on time (limited duration of STM) |
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How long can short term memory hold information? |
15-30 seconds, unless it is reversed. After this time the information/trace decays and fades away |
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How many standards do you need to precede a defiant to have mismatch negativity? |
3 |
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What is Proactive interference? |
(pro=forward) occurs when you cannot learn a new task because of an old task that had been learned |
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What is retroactive interference? |
retroactive interference (retro=backward) occurs when you forget a previously learned tsk due to the learning of a new task (new memories disrupt old ones) |
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What is a free recall task? |
Participant is given a list or words and asked to freely recall them. Typically people remember the first and the last word the easiest and have the most trouble recalling the ones in the middle of the list, because of the primacy and recency effect |
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What is the primacy effect? |
Happens in a free recall task: Due to lack of interference when memorizing the first part of the list |
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What is the recency effect? |
Happens in a free recall task: the last couple of words are remembered because they are still in working memory |
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What is the Semi-automatic conflict resolution system? |
part of the central executive. |
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What is the Supervisory attentional system? |
part of the central executive. Focuses attention. Allows you to monitor behavior or recognize when your statements don't make sense. E.g. a person with a failure of this would not be able to "line up" a set of spoons and would instead place the spoon in their mouth because spoons are used for eating |
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What is the capacity of visual working memory? |
about 4 things |
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WM capacity refers to.... |
the longest list o items (e.g. digits, letters, words) a person can repeat immediately |
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What did Miller observe that had been misinterpreted? |
that working memory capacity holds approximately 7 items. he mean ABOUT not actually 7, but it because common myth. |
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What is a "chunk?" |
Our ability to combine words or ideas into chucks to better remember them. E.g. apple, banana, monkey, zoo (apple and banana are fruit, money eats banana and lives in zoo) |
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IQ, SAT scores, and GPA are highly correlated with... |
working memory capacity |
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Disruptions in VWM contribute to what? |
Pathological states |
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What is object theory? |
We don't remember things as features, but as objects. E.g. red square, green triangle, blue circle, and yellow rectangle are remembered as 4 shapes, not at 8 things. |
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What is the visual information load? |
the more information a particular object has, the harder it is going to be to remember. |
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What did ERP data show us about complexity? |
it suggested hat complexity does not matter, suggesting that storage capacity is not affected by increasing complexity. Items are instead stored as integrated objects. |
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What do Smith an Kossslyn say about long term memory? |
memory is essential to the functioning and even the survival of humans |
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What are the three stages of memory? |
sensory, sort term, and long term |
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Large capacity, contains sensory information very brief retention (1/2 second for visual, 2 seconds for auditory) |
Sensory Memory |
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Limited capacity, encoded via phonological loop/visuospatial sketchpad, brief storage (up to 30 seconds w/o rehearsal), attentive processing of information |
Short Term Memory |
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Unlimited capacity, semantically encoded, shortage presumed permanent, information highly organized |
Long Term Memory |
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Declarative memory... |
Information that you are consciously aware of. You can "declare" it. e.g. episodic memory, facts you can recall |
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What is episodic memory? |
Your personal story line of your life. "episodes" you can recall |
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What are the two sub groups long-term memory is broken into? |
Declarative (Explicit), and non-declaritive (implicit) |
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What are the two groups declarative (explicit) memory is broken into, and what part of the bran is it in? |
Semantic (facts) and Episodic (events). Medial Temporal Lobe |
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What are the 4 sub groups non-declarative (implicit) memory is broken into? |
Priming, Procedural (skills & habits), associative learning (classical and operant conditions), and non associative learning (habituation and sensitization) |
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How is priming defined and what region is it located in? |
Mental Muscle memory (Cortex) |
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What is procedural (skills and habits) implicit memory, and where is it located? |
Memories that we have learned that are a sequence of events which we can do with "no thought" (Basal Ganglia) |
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What is associative learning (classical and operant conditioning) implicit memory, and where is it located? |
The typical classical and operant conditioning memory. Emotion (amygdala), and skeletal musculature - true muscle memory (cerebellum) |
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What is non associative learning (habituation and sensitization) implicit memory, and where is it located? |
After a while you learn not to respond to something - habituation and sensitization (Reflex pathways) |
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learning is done... |
...implicitly |
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need to have this memorize |
memorize this |
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What happened in patient HM after the removal? |
His intelligence was preserved, and his working memory was preserved. He retained LTM functions (semantic memory from before the surgery). Some episodic memory from well before the surgery. Intact non-declarative memory - could acquire new motor skills (evidence of learning e.g. the star and mirror task). Priming retained. |
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What is anterograde amnesia? |
inability to remember information after brain damage. Inability to form, retain, and retrieve new episodic memories ( includes people, places, and objects). e.g. HM being unable to remember the definition of "flower child" |
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What is retrograde amnesia? |
Forgetting events prior to brain damage. Temporally graded (closer to damage, more likely forgotten) |
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What is encoding? |
Transformation of information into a memory representation. Records some aspect of the experience. All forms of memory begins here. |
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What methods can you use to strengthen encoding? |
attention and elaboration |
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Is intent required for effective coding? |
No |
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What parti of the brain in implicated in elaboration? |
Frontal lobes |
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What is the levels- of-processing theory? |
theory of information process in memory where encoding is a direct by-product of stimulus processing. Ranges from shallow to deep (e.g. S-U-S-A-N to "Susan is my sister in law and hold strong liberal views") |
