Cognitive & Affective - Final

Front 1

What does the abbreviations SRT & CRT mean in the context of cognitive psych?

Back 1

Simple Reaction Time

Choice Reaction Time

Front 2

Complete the equation

CRT-SRT =

Back 2

Time to make a decision

Front 3

ID the 3 different research methods used in the study of cog sci & give an example of each.

Back 3

1. Behavioral (reaction time)
2. Neural (SPECT, PET)
3. Computational (wordnet)

Front 4

Smith, in his study on how to improve memory, demonstrated that by _______ and then ______ info, research participants were able to memorize significantly more info.

Back 4

Chunking & Recoding

Front 5

T/F -There is finite span of immediate memory and for a lot of different test materials, the span is 7 items in length.

Back 5

True

Front 6

T/F - One bit of info is the amount of info needed to make a decision btwn 2 or more likely alternatives.

Back 6

False. 2 but NOT more.

Front 7

T/F - The asymptotic level at which humans are no longer able to increase input info is called channel capacity

Back 7

True

Front 8

T/F The studies summarized in Miller's 1956 article "Magical 7 +/- 2" generally fall in the area of experimental cog psych.

Back 8

True

Front 9

T/F- There are currently 3 main approaches to cog psych: experimental cog psych, computational cog psych, and neural cog psych.

Back 9

True

Front 10

T/F Cog psych's major contribution to AI is George Miller's work called WordNet. It was started in 1985 and is ongoing at Harvard U being carried on by his students & colleagues.

Back 10

False - Princeton

Front 11

The "Cognitive Revolution" was initiated by Noam Chomsky's critique of Skinner's book on behaviorism. Chomsky, interestingly is not a psych. He is a ______ and his famous critique was written in the year _____.

Back 11

Linguist
1950

Front 12

Define Cognitive Science including the multiple research disciplines represented in cog sci

Back 12

- study of mental processes
- includes cog psych, research on the mind w/in fields of computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, education, anthropology, AI, & philosophy

Front 13

Which cognitive psych researcher advocated for the school of thought called "functionalism"?

Back 13

William James

Front 14

Which cognitive psych researcher developed the analytic introspection research procedure?

Back 14

Wilhelm Wundt

Front 15

Which cognitive psych researcher discovered the "forgetting curve"?

Back 15

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Front 16

Which cognitive psych researcher wrote a seminal textbook called "Perception & Communication" that was important in the cognitive revolution

Back 16

Broadbent

Front 17

Which cognitive psych researcher conducted teh 1st cog psych experiment in 1868?

Back 17

Donders

Front 18

Which cognitive psych researcher is best known for creating the area of study called "structuralism"?

Back 18

Titchener

Front 19

What is Cog Psych & what other areas of psych are influ'd by cog psych?

Back 19

It is the psych study of the mental processes involved in cog & perception. It covers behavioral, attitudinal, perceptual, etc areas.

Influenced: neuropsych, behavioral psych, schema psych, clinical psych, etc.

Front 20

What are the 3 memory processes?

Back 20

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Front 21

What are the 3 stages of memory?

Back 21

Sensory - seconds
Short-term- minutes
LTM - up to unlimited

Front 22

The statement, "Attention is a determination of the soul to know something in preference to other things" was made by:
a. Vives
b. James
c. Mackworth
d. Liebniz
e. None of the above

Back 22

d

Front 23

Describe Cherry's (1953) "cocktail party phenomenon"

Back 23

The ability to hear your name/distinguish the sound of your name amidst a sea of background noise/conversations

Front 24

_________ developed the first complete theory of attention, called the Filter Theory in 1958

Back 24

Broadbent

Front 25

The major challenge of the Filter Theory was that it
a. Used a dichotic listening experimental paradigm
b. It did not take into consideration the filtering analysis of visual data
c. It confounded attention w/STM processes
d. It was too inflexible
e. All of the above

Back 25

D. Too inflexible

Front 26

Treisman's ______________ Theory addressed the major flaw w/the Filter Theory.

Back 26

Filter Attenuation

Front 27

What are the 2 phases of Treisman's Feature Integration Theory (FIT)?

Back 27

1. Preattentive Stage
2. Focused Attention Stage

Front 28

What were the findings of Michael Posner's classic 1980 study on "Attentional Spotlight" and what clinical implications do the findings suggest?

Back 28

That visual attention has a spotlight effect that preferentially process info w/n that beam.

Clinical implications: posner suggested this explained the clinical dx of spatial neglect

Front 29

Name 3 of the clinical conditions we discussed that are affected by "attention" impairments

Back 29

Spatial neglect
Insomnia
ADHD
Chronic Pain

Front 30

T/F The 3 core memory processes are encoding, storage, and retrieval

Back 30

T

Front 31

T/F : The 3 primary stages of memory are ST, working, & LTM

Back 31

False

Front 32

T/F Working memory has 3 components: primacy, recency, & attentional

Back 32

False

Front 33

T/F Explicit, conscious, & direct are all synonyms for "declarative" memory

Back 33

True

Front 34

T/F Procedural memory is a form of implicit memory

Back 34

True

Front 35

T/F Episodic memory refers to memory for facts and general knowledge

Back 35

False

Front 36

T/F The hippocampo-cortical loop is how STM is stored

Back 36

False

Front 37

T/F It has been suggested that frontal lobes are important in working memory

Back 37

True

Front 38

T/F Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to establish new memories going forward whereas retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall info for a period of time prior to a traumatic event.

Back 38

True

Front 39

Where do Procedural, Semantic, & Working Memory Take Place

Back 39

Front 40

Define Creativity (6 factors)

Back 40

Intelligence
Knowledge
Thinking style
Personality
Motivation
Environment

Front 41

What kicked off the more psychometric approach to creativity research?

Back 41

Guildford's Presidential Address to the APA in 1950; later created the Alternate Uses Test (1967)

Front 42

Measures of Creativity: Alternate Uses Test & Test of Creative Thinking

Fluency

Back 42

# of different ideas you are able to generate

Front 43

Measures of Creativity: Alternate Uses Test & Test of Creative Thinking

Flexibility

Back 43

# of different categories of ideas you are able to generate

Front 44

Measures of Creativity: Alternate Uses Test & Test of Creative Thinking

Originality

Back 44

The degree to which your ideas are unique/novel

Front 45

Measures of Creativity: Alternate Uses Test & Test of Creative Thinking

Elaboration

Back 45

The degree of the detail you were able to go into w/each idea

Front 46

Name 2 problems with the current measurement of creativity

Back 46

1. they don't capture all of the facets of creativity in a systematic, replicable, & structured manner

2. Tend to be very subjective (e.g. how do you define originality?)

Front 47

Forster & Dunbar (2009) showed that a model of LSA measures was more successful in predicting creativity than a traditional scoring method. When combined w/traditional scoring, it accounted for over __% of the variation in creativity

Back 47

67%

Front 48

Latent Semantic Analysis

Back 48

sophisticated statistical model of language learning used w/large databases to categorize info

Front 49

What are the 5 theories of cognition & emotion that we covered in class?

Back 49

James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
2-Factor Theory
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Somatic Marker Theory

Front 50

James-Lange Theory

Back 50

stimulus--> visceral reaction --> brain interprets as emotion

Front 51

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 51

Feel emotions --> feel physio changes (e.g. muscular tension, sweating)

Front 52

Two Factor Theory

Back 52

1. Experience physiological arousal
2. Interpret what response/feelings mean

Front 53

Cognitive Appraisal Theory - primary appraisal

Back 53

we consider how the situation affects our personal well-being

Front 54

Cognitive Appraisal Theory - Secondary Appraisal

Back 54

when we consider how we might cope w/the situation

Front 55

Cognitive Appraisal Theory - 2 stages

Back 55

Primary Appraisal - consider how situation affects us
Secondary Appraisal - consider how to cope

Front 56

Somatic Marker Theory

Back 56

Somatic markers link memories of experience (cortex) w/feelings (limbic)

Front 57

Flashbulb Memories

Back 57

Distinct, vivid, memories of shocking events, & assoc personal activities

-provide an intersection btwn personal history & actual history

Front 58

Bower's Network Theory

Back 58

Theory of emotional experience stating:
Emotions are stored as propositions, are nodes in a semantic network, experiencing an emotion means activation of the network that spreads in selective fashion to assoc concepts
-Nodes activated above threshold level --> conscious experience of emotion

Front 59

Emotion & Attention

Weapon Focus & Easterbrook Hypothesis

Back 59

Based on eyewitness' inability to ID a perp when a weapon is used in a crime

Easterbrook hypothesis: attentional focus narrows in emotional situations due to arousal

Front 60

Emotion & Attention

Basis of Weapon Focus

Back 60

-selective attention
-all items attended to equally but weapon remembered better
-cue utilization (threat-arousal-narrowing)
-unusualness/distinctiveness

Front 61

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Back 61

Performance is impaired by high levels of state arousal

optimal - "medium" level of arousal
hard tasks - 'optimum' anxiety level is lower

Front 62

Cognitive Interference Theory (Sarason)

Back 62

worry and self-preoccupation interfere w/performance

Front 63

Processing Efficiency Theory (Eysenck)

Back 63

processing efficiency = effectiveness/effort
-worry reduces efficiency

Front 64

What is the impact of depression on performance?

Back 64

causes task-irrelevant info & poor effort/motivation to impair performance

Front 65

Discrete Emotions Theory

Back 65

-Emotions are distinct, unique states
-There are 8 basic/primary emotions (happy, sad, angry, fear, disgust, surprise, interest, shame)
-look for response patterning in emotions

Front 66

What are the 3 Major Hypotheses about emotions in the brain?

Back 66

1. R-hemi controls emotion
2. Each hemisphere controls diff aspects of mood (+/approach= left, -/withdrawal= right)
3. Automatic-controlled distinction (RH v LH)

Front 67

Orbitofrontal Loop & Emotions

Back 67

Loop is involved in social & emotional functioning

Front 68

Result of damage to the Orbitofrontal Loop

Back 68

disinhibition
hyperactivity
emotional lability
aggressiveness
reduced self-awareness

Front 69

Empathy research grew out of the social psychology research in the area of __________.

Back 69

altruistic behavior

Front 70

Kin Selection

Back 70

ppl tend to be more altruistic towards family members as part of a selfish attempt to preserve gene pool

Front 71

Reciprocal Altruism

Back 71

altruistic bx motivated by hope that others will be altruistic in return later

Front 72

Reputational Advantage

Back 72

Bxing altruistically in order to look good to others

Front 73

Egoic Distress

Back 73

seeing others in distress can induce distress b/c of a process of imagining oneself in their circumstance

-ppl are motivated to help others b/c it means alleviating own vicarious suffering

Front 74

What did Steblay (1987) find about altruistic behavior?

Back 74

Ppl behave more altruistically in rural v urban settings.

-doesn't matter where they are from, but where they currently reside