Co210 Unit 3

Front 1

Self-concept

Back 1

Your self-concept is your image of who you are. It’s how you perceive yourself: your feelings and thought about your strengths and weaknesses, your abilities and limitations.

Front 2

Looking-glass self

Back 2

According to the concept of the looking-glass self, you’d look at the image of yourself that others reveal to you through the way they communicate with you. Of course, you would not look to just anyone. Rather, you would look to those who are most significant in your life – to your significant others, such as your friends, family members and romantic partners. If these significant others think highly of you, you will see a positive self-image reflected in their behaviors; if they think little of you, you will see a more negative image.

Front 3

Self-interpretations

Back 3

Your reconstruction of the incident and your understanding of it

Front 4

Self-evaluations

Back 4

The value – good or bad – that you place on the behavior

Front 5

Self-awareness

Back 5

Self-awareness – your knowledge of who you are; of your traits, your strengths and limitations, your emotions and behaviors, your individuality – is basic to all communication

Front 6

Self-awareness

Back 6

To increase self-awareness: Be conscious of others. Interact with others.

Front 7

Johari window

Back 7

One tool that is commonly used for this examination is called the Johari window, a metaphoric division of the self into four areas

Front 8

Open self

Back 8

This self represents all the information, behaviors, attitudes, and feelings about yourself that you know and that others also know.
Your name
Skin color
Sex
Age
Religion
Political beliefs

Front 9

Blind self

Back 9

This self represents knowledge about you that others have but you don’t. Blind self might include your habit of finishing other people’s sentences or your way of rubbing your nose when you become anxious.

Front 10

Unknown self

Back 10

The unknown self represents those parts of yourself that neither you nor others know. This is information that is buried in your subconscious.

Front 11

Hidden self

Back 11

This self represents all the knowledge you have of yourself but keep secret from others. The hidden self windowpane includes all your successfully kept secrets; for example, your fantasies, embarrassing experiences, and any attitudes or beliefs of which you may be ashamed.

Front 12

Self-esteem

Back 12

Self-esteem is a measure of how valuable you think you are; people with high self-esteem think very highly of themselves, whereas people with low self-esteem view themselves negatively.

Front 13

Self-destructive beliefs

Back 13

Self-destructive beliefs set unrealistically high standards and therefore almost always lead to failure. As a result, you may develop a negative self-image, seeing yourself as someone who constantly fails.

Front 14

Affirmation

Back 14

An affirmation is simply a statement asserting that something is true.

Front 15

Self-disclosure

Back 15

Self-disclosure is (1) a type of communication in which (2) you reveal information about yourself that (3) you normally keep hidden.

Front 16

Dyadic effect

Back 16

You are more likely to disclose when the person you’re with also discloses. This dyadic effect (what one person does, the other person also does) probably leads you to feel more secure and reinforces your own self-disclosing behavior.

Front 17

Disinhibition effect

Back 17

A disinhibiton effect seems to occur in online communication; people seem less inhibited in communicating in e-mail or in social network sites, for example, than in face-to-face situations.

Front 18

Perception

Back 18

…perception is the process by which you become aware of objects, events, and especially people through your senses: sight, smell, taste, touch, and sound.

Front 19

Selective attention

Back 19

In selective attention you attend to those things that you anticipate will fulfill your needs or will prove enjoyable.

Front 20

Selective exposure

Back 20

In selective exposure you tend to expose yourself to information that will confirm your existing beliefs.

Front 21

Proximity

Back 21

One frequently used rule of perception is that of proximity, or physical closeness. The rule says that things that are physically close together constitute a unit.

Front 22

Similarity

Back 22

Another rule is similarity, a principle stating that things look alike or are similar in other ways belong together and form a unit.

Front 23

Contrast

Back 23

You use the principle of contrast when you conclude that some items (people or messages, for example) don’t belong together because they’re too different from each other to be part of the same unit.

Front 24

Schemata

Back 24

Another way you organize material is by creating schemata (or schemas), mental templates or structures that help you organize the millions of items of information you come into contact with every day as well as those you already have in memory.

Front 25

Script

Back 25

A script is a type of schema. Like a schema, a script is an organized body of information; but a script focuses on an action, event, or procedure.

Front 26

Interpretation-evaluation

Back 26

The interpretation-evaluation step (a linked term because the two processes cannot be separated) is inevitably subjective and is greatly influenced by your experiences, needs, wants, values, expectations, physical and emotional state, gender, and beliefs about the way things are or should be, as well as by your rules, schemata, and scripts.

Front 27

Impression formation or Person perception

Back 27

Impression formation (sometimes referred to as person perception) refers to the processes you go through in forming an impression of another person.

Front 28

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 28

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true. Put differently, a self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when you act on your schema as if it were true and in doing so make it true.

Front 29

Implicit personality theory

Back 29

What makes some of these choices seem right and others wrong is your implicit personality theory, the system of rules that tells you which characteristics go with which other characteristics.

Front 30

Halo effect

Back 30

the tendency to generalize an individual's positive or negative qualities from one area to another; opposed to the horns effect

Front 31

Horns effect or Reverse halo effect

Back 31

… the horns effect or reverse halo effect will lead you to perceive those who are unattractive as mean, dishonest, antisocial, and sneaky.

Front 32

Primacy effect

Back 32

If what comes first exerts the most influence, you have a primacy effect.

Front 33

Recency effect

Back 33

If what comes last (or most recently) exerts the most influence, you have a recency effect.

Front 34

Primacy-recency

Back 34

In the classic study on the effects of primacy-recency in perception, college students perceived a person who was described as “intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious” more positively than a person described as “envious, stubborn, critical, impulsive, industrious, and intelligent”.

Front 35

Consistency

Back 35

The tendency to maintain balance among perceptions or attitudes is called consistency.

Front 36

Attribution of control

Back 36

Another way in which you form impressions is through the attribution of control, a process by which you focus on explaining why someone behaved as he or she did on the basis of whether the person had control over his or her behavior.

Front 37

Self-serving bias

Back 37

You commit the self-serving bias when you take credit for the positive and deny responsibility for the negative.

Front 38

Overattribution

Back 38

… Overattribution – the tendency to single out one or two obvious characteristics of a person and attribute everything that person does to this one or these two characteristics – distorts perception.

Front 39

Fundamental attribution error

Back 39

The fundamental attribution error leads you to conclude that people do what they do because that’s the kind of people they are, not because of the situation they’re in.

Front 40

Perception checking

Back 40

Perception checking will help you lessen your chances of misinterpreting another’s feelings and will also give the other person an opportunity to elaborate on his or her thoughts and feelings.

Front 41

Uncertainty reduction strategies

Back 41

There are a variety of uncertainty reduction strategies: Observe
Ask others
Interact with the individual

Front 42

Impression management

Back 42

Impression management (some writers use the terms self-presentation or identity management) refers to the processes you go through to communicate the impression you want other people to have of you.

Front 43

Affinity-seeking strategies

Back 43

Using the affinity-seeking strategies that follow is likely to increase your chances of being liked.

Front 44

Politeness strategies

Back 44

Politeness strategies are another set of strategies often used to appear likeable. We can look at them in terms of negative and positive types. Both of these types of politeness are responsive to two needs that we may have:
Positive face needs
Negative face needs

Front 45

Credibility

Back 45

If you were a politician and wanted people to vote for you, at least part of your strategy would involve attempts to establish your credibility (which consists of your competence, your character, and your charisma).

Front 46

Self-handicapping strategies

Back 46

If you were about to tackle a difficult task and were concerned that you might fail, you might use what are called self-handicapping strategies.

Front 47

Self-deprecating strategies

Back 47

If you want to be taken care of and protected, or if you simply want someone to come to your aid, you might use self-depreciating strategies.

Front 48

Self-monitoring strategies

Back 48

Much impression management is devoted not merely to presenting a positive image, but to suppressing the negative, to self-monitoring strategies.

Front 49

Influencing strategies

Back 49

In many instances you’ll want to get people to see you as a leader. Here you can use a variety of influencing strategies.

Front 50

Image-confirming strategies

Back 50

You may sometimes use image-confirming strategies to reinforce your positive perceptions about yourself.