Clas1030E 14&15

Front 1

ductless glands of the endocrine system include

Back 1

pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, pineal and thymus and ovaries/testes

Front 2

antagonistic

Back 2

opposing

Front 3

electrolyte

Back 3

mineral salt that carries an electrical charge in a solution

Front 4

glucagon

Back 4

hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates the liver to change stored glycogen (a starch form of sugar) to glucose

Front 5

glucose

Back 5

simple sugar

Front 6

insuline

Back 6

hormone produced by the beta cells of the liver that allow the body cells to use glucose for energy or store it in the liver as glycogen

Front 7

sympathomimetic

Back 7

agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine and NE)

Front 8

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Back 8

master gland because it regulates many body activities

posterior lobe: ADH and oxytocin

and anterior lobe has ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, PRL, TSH

Front 9

thyroid gland is the

Back 9

largest gland of the endocrine system; separated by a lobe of tissue called an isthmus

Front 10

ACTH

Back 10

adrenocorticotropic hormone; promotes secretion of corticosteroids, especially cortisol

Front 11

follicle stimulating hormone

Back 11

promotes egg production in females; increases estrogen secretion

testes in males stimulate sperm production

Front 12

growth hormone

Back 12

regulate growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues; increases use of fat for energy

Front 13

luteinizing hormone

Back 13

females: promotes ovulation, stimulates estrogen and progesterone production

males: promotes secretion of testosterone

Front 14

prolactin

Back 14

breast in conjunction with other hormones promotes lactation

Front 15

thyroid stimulating hormone

Back 15

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones

Front 16

antidiuretic hormone

Back 16

kidney- increases water resorption (water returns to blood)

Front 17

oxytocin

Back 17

uterus: stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor

breast: promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands

Front 18

calcitonin

Back 18

thyroid hormone: regulates calcium levels in the blood in conjunction with parathyroid hormone

decreases the resorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood

Front 19

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Back 19

thyroid hormone; increases energy production from all food types; increases rate of protein synthesis

Front 20

parathyroid hormone

Back 20

bones: increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood

kidneys: increases calcium absorption and phosphate excretion

small intestine: increases absorption of calcium and phosphate

Front 21

mineralocorticoids

Back 21

aldosterone: mainly through kidneys to maintain the balance of electrolytes in the body; conserve sodium and excrete potassium and conserves water

Front 22

glucocorticoids

Back 22

body cells- promote gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats, and help depress inflammatory and immune responses

Front 23

sex hormones

Back 23

females responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause (otherwise insignificant effects)

Front 24

epinephrine and NE

Back 24

sympathetic nervous system target organs; hormone effects mimic sympathetic nervous system activation, increase metabolic rate and heart rate, and raise blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction

Front 25

pancreas is

Back 25

endocrine and exocrine gland

glucagon secreted by alpha cells

insulin made by beta cells

Front 26

glucagon

Back 26

liver and blood- raises the blood glucose level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver and other nutrients into glucose in the liver; and releasing glucose into the blood

Front 27

insulin

Back 27

tissue cells-lowers blood glucose level by accelerating glucose transport into cells and the use of that glucose for energy production (glucose to glycogen)

Front 28

pineal gland--3rd ventricle of brain-

Back 28

secretes melatonin (melatonin hi-ovulation is blocked and there is a delay in puberty)

Front 29

adren/o

adrenal/o

Back 29

adrenal glands

Front 30

calc/o

Back 30

calcium

Front 31

crin/o

Back 31

secrete

Front 32

gluc/o

glyc/o

glycos/o

Back 32

sugar, sweetness

Front 33

home/o

Back 33

same, alike

Front 34

kal/i

Back 34

potassium, an electrolyte

Front 35

pancreat/o

Back 35

pancreas

Front 36

parathyroid/o

Back 36

parathyroid glands

Front 37

thym/o

Back 37

thymus gland

Front 38

thyr/o

thyroid/o

Back 38

thyroid gland

Front 39

toxic/o

Back 39

poison

Front 40

-crine

Back 40

secrete

Front 41

-dipsia

Back 41

thirst

Front 42

-gen

Back 42

forming, producing, origin

Front 43

-toxic

Back 43

pertaining to poison

Front 44

-uria

Back 44

urine

Front 45

eu-

Back 45

good, normal

Front 46

exo-

Back 46

outside, outward

Front 47

hyper-

Back 47

excessive, above normal

Front 48

hypo-

Back 48

below, under

Front 49

poly-

Back 49

many, much

Front 50

hypersecretion is generally treated by

Back 50

surgery

Front 51

endocrinology/ endocrinologist

Back 51

treatment and management of endocrine disorders

Front 52

pituitary disorders

Back 52

usually hyper/hyposecretion of GH or ADH

Front 53

GH disorder

Back 53

lead to body size abnormalities

Front 54

abnormal ADH

Back 54

leads to excess fluid build up in the body and low blood sodium (hyponatremia)

Front 55

cretinism

Back 55

infant hypothyroidism disorder that can lead to mental retardation, impaired growth or low body temperatures and abnormal bone formation

Front 56

myxedema

Back 56

adult hypothyroidism- symptoms of edema, low blood levels of T3 and T4, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle joint pain

Front 57

graves disease

Back 57

hyperthyroidism; elevated metabolic rate, weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscle weakness and emotional stability

Front 58

exphthalmos

Back 58

graves disease, eyes protrude outward because of edematous swelling in tissues behind them

Front 59

thyroid gland enlarged

Back 59

goiter

Front 60

toxic goiter

Back 60

occurs because of the excessive release of TSH from the anterior lobe; causes thyroid cells to enlarge and secrete extra amounts of hormones; drug therapy or surgery

Front 61

hypoparathyroidism

Back 61

insufficient production of PTH; caused by primary parathyroid dysfunction or elevated calcium levels;

primary effect is decreased blood calcium level; makes muscle twitches (tetany)

Front 62

hyperparathyroidism

Back 62

benign tumor causes; PTH excess leads to demineralization of bones (osteitis fibrosa cystica) making them porous

Front 63

when disease is generalized and all bones are affected; this disorder is known as

Back 63

von Recklinghausen disease

Front 64

kidney stones

Back 64

nephrolithiasis

Front 65

addison's diease

Back 65

chronic disorder caused by deficiency of cortical hormones; results when adrenal cortex is atrophied

autoimmune process in which circulating adrenal antibodies slowly destroy the gland; gland is destroyed 90% before symptoms appear; sodium and potassium metabolism may be lost through urination

Front 66

cushing syndrome

Back 66

cluster of symptoms produced by excessive amounts of cortisol, ACTH, or both in blood

slow healing wounds, thinning hair, moon face, buffalo hump, supracalvicular fat pad, increased facial hair, purple striae, easy bruising

alters carb and protein metabolism and electolyte balance- sodium retention

Front 67

hair growth in unusual places

Back 67

hirsutism

Front 68

pheochromocytoma

Back 68

produces excessive amounts of EPI and NE; most tumors are encapsulated and benign

produce high bp, rapid heart rate, palpitations, visual blurring etc

Front 69

diabetes

Back 69

most common pancreatic disorder; insufficient production of insulin or the bodys ability to use insulin

Front 70

ketosis

Back 70

diabetic condition when body cells are deprived of glucose; their principal nutrient

Front 71

glucose in urine

Back 71

glycosuria

Front 72

abnormal thirst

Back 72

polydispsia

Front 73

abnormal hunger

Back 73

polyphagia

Front 74

type 1 diabetes

Back 74

body does not produce sufficient insulin, patient needs glucometer; to determine amount of insulin they require; rotate injection sites to avoid injury

Front 75

type 2 diabetes

Back 75

most common form; onset later in life caused by the body's defciency in being able to utilize insulin, insulin resistant cells, etc

oral antidiabetics and weight loss may be prescribed

Front 76

DKA diabetic ketoacidosis

Back 76

diabetic coma; caused by too little insulin, failure to follow a prescribed diet, physical or emotional stress, or undiagnosed diabetes

Front 77

chronic complications of diabetes

Back 77

nephropathy, rentinopathy,

Front 78

pancreatic cancer

Back 78

tumors called adenocarcinomas; poor survival rate; exposure to chemicals, high fat diet and heavy coffee intake are associated with this

Front 79

pituitary tumors

Back 79

adenomas: benign tumors

Front 80

thyroid carcinoma

Back 80

hard nodule in lymph nodes; accompanied with an enlarged thyroid; sometimes causes hyperthyroidism

Front 81

acromegaly

Back 81

rare hormonal disorder in adulthood usually caused by a GH secreting pituitary tumor (adenoma) that promotes the soft tissue and bones of the face, hands, and feet to grow larger than normal

Front 82

diuresis

Back 82

increased formation and secretion of urine- DM and renal failure

Front 83

glycosuria

Back 83

abnormal amount of glucose in urine

Front 84

graves disease

Back 84

multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and exophtalmos

Front 85

hirsutism

Back 85

excessive distribution of body hair in women

Front 86

hypercalcemia

Back 86

calcium in blood is higher than normal; overactivity in parathyroid glands or cancer

Front 87

hyperkalemia

Back 87

potassium level in the blood is higher than normal; important for heart rhythm and muscle contraction- can be a serious problem that leads to cardiac arrest and death

Front 88

hypervolemia

Back 88

abnormal increase in volume of blood plasma; retention of large amounts of sodium and water

Front 89

hyponatremia

Back 89

lower than normal salt levels in blood; excessive amount of fluid in the body

Front 90

insulinoma

Back 90

tumor of the islet of langerhans of the pancreas

Front 91

obesity

Back 91

excessive accumulation of fat that excess the body's skeletal and physical standards; 20% or more above ideal body weight

Front 92

morbid obesity

Back 92

BMI of 40 or greater; 100 pounds over ideal body weight

Front 93

panhypopituitarism

Back 93

total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

Front 94

pheochromocytoma

Back 94

small chromaffin cell tumor usually located in the adrenal medulla, causing elevated heart rate and blood

Front 95

thyroid storm

Back 95

crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thryotoxic crisis

Front 96

virilism

Back 96

masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman

Front 97

expothalmometry

Back 97

measures of the degree forward displacement of the eyeball in graves disease

Front 98

parathyroidectomy

Back 98

excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism

Front 99

transsephenoidal hypophysectomy

Back 99

endoscopic procedure to surgically remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus without disturbing brain tissue; for cushing syndrome

Front 100

thymectomy

Back 100

excision of the thymus gland; remove tumors of thymus gland

Front 101

thyroidectomy

Back 101

excision of the entire thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), part of it (subtotal thyroidectomy) or a single lobe (thyroid lobectomy)

Front 102

fasting blood sugar

Back 102

test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hrs

Front 103

GTT glucose tolerance test

Back 103

screening test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken afterward at regular intervals to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood

Front 104

insulin tolerance test ITT

Back 104

diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein to assess pituitary function, adrenal function, and to determine insulin sensitivity

Front 105

thyroid function test

Back 105

test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function

Front 106

total calcium test

Back 106

test that measures calcium to detect bone and parathyroid disorders

Front 107

computed tomography

Back 107

imaging technique that rotates an xray emitter around the area to be scanned and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles (cross sectional image that appears as a slice)

Front 108

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 108

noninvasive imaging technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an xray beam to produce multiplanar cross sectional images; avoids hazards of ionizing radiation

Front 109

radioactive iodine uptake

Back 109

administration of radioactive iodine in pill or liquid form as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland takes up iodine from the blood

Front 110

thyroid scan

Back 110

images of the thyroid gland are obtained after oral or intravenous administration of a small dose of radioactive iodine

Front 111

afferent

Back 111

going towards a central structure; to CNS

Front 112

blood brain barrier

Back 112

protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the bloodstream from entering delicate brain tissue

Front 113

efferent

Back 113

carry or move away from a central structure

Front 114

limbic system

Back 114

complex neural system located beneath the cerebrum that controls basic emotions and drives and plays an important role in memory (emotional)

Front 115

neurilemma

Back 115

additional external myelin sheath that is formed by schwann cells and found only on axons in the peripheral nervous system

Front 116

ventricle

Back 116

organ chamber or cavity that receives or hold fluid

Front 117

neurons

Back 117

transmit impulses

Front 118

cell body

Back 118

enlarged structure of the neuron that contains the nucleus of the cell and various organelles

Front 119

dendrites

Back 119

branching cytoplasmic projections carry impulses to the cell body

Front 120

axons

Back 120

carry impulses away from cell body; have myelin sheath, covering acts to accelerate impulse

Front 121

PNS neural cells have

Back 121

myelin sheath by schwanns cells; exterior surface forms nurilemma

Front 122

CNS neural cells have

Back 122

oligodendrocytes rather than schwann cells; short unmyelinated spaces between are nodes of ranvier

Front 123

synapse

Back 123

functional connection between two neurons or a neuron and effector organ

Front 124

neurotransmitter

Back 124

released at the end of its axon

Front 125

neuroglia

Back 125

cells that support neurons and bind them to other neurons or other tissues of the body; means nerve glue

Front 126

astrocytes

Back 126

star shaped neuroglia, 3D support for neurons and form tight sheaths around the capillaries of the brain; provide obstruction called the blood brain barrier to keep large molecules out

Front 127

oligodendrocytes

Back 127

responsible for developing myelin on axons and neurons in the CNS

Front 128

microglia

Back 128

smallest of neuroglia; possess phagocytic properties and become active in times of infection

Front 129

ependyma

Back 129

ciliated cells that line fluid filled cavities of the CNS; epescially ventricles of the brain

Front 130

CNS

Back 130

brain and spinal cord; white or gray matter

Front 131

brain

Back 131

has cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem

Front 132

cerebrum

Back 132

largest uppermost portion of the brain; 2 hemispheres divided by a longitudinal fissure

Front 133

corpus callosum

Back 133

joins the two hemispheres

Front 134

insula

Back 134

5th lobe of brain

Front 135

cerebral surface is covered by folds called gyri

Back 135

gyri are separated by furrows called sulci

Front 136

thin layer called cerebral cortex covers the entire cerebrum and is composed of

Back 136

gray matter (most information processing done here)

Front 137

limbic system

Back 137

emotional brain; controls behaviors like rage, fear, anger and emotional aspects

Front 138

cerebellum

Back 138

second largest structure of the brain; involves movement, posture, balance, coordination, refines muscular movement

Front 139

diencephalon

Back 139

interbrain; many smaller structures including the hypothalamus and thalamus

Front 140

thalamus

Back 140

sensory stimuli received and transmit them to appropriate centers in the cerebral cortex; can receive from cerebrum and relay them to efferent nerves

Front 141

hypothalamus

Back 141

regulates involuntary activities such as heart rate, body temperature, and fluid balance; controls many endocrine functions

Front 142

brainstem

Back 142

midbrain/ mesencephalon, medulla, pons

origin of the 10-12 pairs of cranial nerves and controls respiration, blood pressure and heart rate

Front 143

spinal cord

Back 143

transmits sensory impulses from the body to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to muscles and organs of the body

Front 144

meninges

Back 144

coverings are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Front 145

dura mater:

Back 145

outermost covering of brain and spinal cord; tough and fibrous and composed of CT, also called pachymeninges

Front 146

arachnoid

Back 146

middle covering and has spiderweb appearance; subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid

Front 147

collection of fluid in the brain

Back 147

hydrocephalus

Front 148

pia mater

Back 148

innermost meninx, adheres directly to the brain and spinal cord, passes over the brain and follows contours of gyri and sulci; has BV and lymphatics

also called leptomeninges

Front 149

PNS

Back 149

all nervous tissue outside the spinal column and skull; cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Front 150

cranial nerves

Back 150

originate in base of brain and emerge; sensory motor, or mixture of both

Front 151

sensory nerves

Back 151

afferent, and receive impulses from the sense organs including the eyes, ears, nose tongue and skin

Front 152

motor nerves

Back 152

are efferent and conduct impulses to muscles and glands

Front 153

mixed nerves

Back 153

both sensory and motor fibers; can sense or produce impulses for actions

Front 154

spinal nerves

Back 154

31 spinal nerves, all are mixed nerves

each has dorsal point of attachment and ventral point of attachment

anterior root: motor fibers

posterior root: sensory fibers

Front 155

somatic nervous system

Back 155

motor impulses transmitted to muscles under conscious control

Front 156

autonomic nervous system

Back 156

motor impulses transmitted to glands and muscles not under conscious control

Front 157

sympathetic division (ANS)

Back 157

fight or flight

Front 158

parasympathetic (ANS)

Back 158

resting and digesting

Front 159

cerebr/o

Back 159

cerebrum

Front 160

crani/o

Back 160

cranium (skull)

Front 161

encephal/o

Back 161

brian

Front 162

gangli/o

Back 162

ganglion, knot or knot like mass

Front 163

gli/o

Back 163

glue, neuroglial tissue

Front 164

kinesi/o

Back 164

movement

Front 165

lept/o

Back 165

thin, slender

Front 166

lex/o

Back 166

word, phrase

Front 167

mening/o

meningi/o

Back 167

meninges, membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

Front 168

myel/o

Back 168

bone marrow; spinal cord

Front 169

narc/o

Back 169

stupor; numbness, sleep

Front 170

neur/o

Back 170

nerve

Front 171

radicul/o

Back 171

nerve root

Front 172

sthen/o

Back 172

strength

Front 173

thalam/o

Back 173

thalamus

Front 174

thec/o

Back 174

sheath (usually refers to meninges)

Front 175

ton/o

Back 175

tension

Front 176

ventricul/o

Back 176

ventricle of the heart or brain

Front 177

-algesia

-algia

Back 177

pain

Front 178

-asthenia

Back 178

weakness, debility

Front 179

-esthesia

Back 179

feeling

Front 180

-kinesia

Back 180

movement

Front 181

-lepsy

Back 181

seizure

Front 182

-paresis

Back 182

partial paralysis

Front 183

-phasia

Back 183

speech

Front 184

-plegia

Back 184

paralysis

Front 185

-taxia

Back 185

order, coordination

Front 186

pachy-

Back 186

thick

Front 187

para-

Back 187

near, beside, beyond

Front 188

syn-

Back 188

union; together, joined

Front 189

uni-

Back 189

one

Front 190

involuntary movement

Back 190

dyskinesia

Front 191

neurology

Back 191

branch of medicine

Front 192

psychiatry

Back 192

branch of medicine concerned with mental illness

Front 193

radiculopathy or radiculitis

Back 193

inflammation of the nerve root associated with the spinal column; pressure can cause pain and tingling; can be result of herniated disk, degenerative changes, etc

Front 194

decompression surgery

Back 194

to remove pressure in spinal column

Front 195

cerebrovascular disease

Back 195

abnormality of the cerebrum caused by disorders of BV of the rain;

Front 196

stroke

Back 196

cerebrovascular incident

3 (ischemic, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage)

Front 197

80% of all strokes are

Back 197

ischemic stroke

Front 198

ischemic stoke

Back 198

caused by narrowing of vessels in brain and neck due to atherosclerosis; narrowing hinders oxygen delivery; plaque can break lose and head downstream

Front 199

intracerebral hemorrhage

Back 199

caused by sudden rupture of artery in the brain; released blood compresses brain structures and destroys them

Front 200

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Back 200

blood is released into the space surrounding the brain; condition commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm and is usually fatal

Front 201

hemiparesis

Back 201

weakness in one half of the body

Front 202

hemiplegia

Back 202

paralysis of half the body

Front 203

inability to speak

Back 203

aphasia

Front 204

lack of muscle coordination

Back 204

ataxia

Front 205

TIA transient ischemic attack

Back 205

1/3 of all strokes preceded by TIA

Front 206

clot buster

Back 206

thrombolytic medication

Front 207

seizure disorders

Back 207

characterized by sudden changes in behavior or consciousness

Front 208

epilepsies

Back 208

chronic seizure disorders

Front 209

warning signal

Back 209

aura

Front 210

partial seizures

Back 210

only portion of the brain is involved

Front 211

generalized seizure

Back 211

entire brain is involved

Front 212

tonic clonic seizure/ grand mal

Back 212

tonic (body becomes rigid)

clonic (uncontrolled jerking) recovery may take hours

Front 213

status epilepticus

Back 213

tonic clonic seizures follow after one another without an intervening period of recovery

Front 214

parkinsons disease

Back 214

shaking palsy; neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain that is responsible for controlling movement

neurons degenerate; dopamine is lacking in the brain; must administer L dopa

Front 215

MS multiple sclerosis

Back 215

progressive degenerative disease of the CNS; inflammation, hardening and loss of myelin; conduction pathway short circuits; tremors and muscle weakness, patient is bedridden

Front 216

alzheimer disease

Back 216

causes memory loss and mental deterioration, small lesions called plaques develop in the cerebral cortex and disrupt the passage of electrochemical signals between cells

Front 217

mental illness

Back 217

array of psychological disorders and syndromes, behavioral paterns, etc

Front 218

psychosis

Back 218

mental disorder in which there is severe loss of contact with reality and sometimes delusions

Front 219

neurosis

Back 219

mental disorder caused by an emotion experienced in the past that overwhelmingly interferes or affects present emotion (phobias, hysterias, OCS)

Front 220

affective disorder

Back 220

psychological disorder in which the major characteristic is an abnormal mood; usually mania or depression

Front 221

anorexia nervosa

Back 221

eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain adequate weight for age and height and a desire to stay thin

Front 222

anxiety

Back 222

psychological worry disorder characterized by excessive pondering, lack of interest, worry, and dreadful feelings

Front 223

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Back 223

disorder affecting children and adults characterized by impulsiveness, overactivity,, and the inability to remain focused on a task

Front 224

autism

Back 224

developmental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption in fantasy usually accompanied by inability to communicate

Front 225

bipolar disorder

Back 225

mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy and the ability to function; also called manic depressive illness

Front 226

bulimia nervosa

Back 226

eating disorder characterized by binging and purging

Front 227

depression

Back 227

mood disorder associated with sadness, despair, discouragement and commonly feelings of low self esteem, guilt and withdrawal

Front 228

mania

Back 228

mood disorder characterized by mental and physical hyperactivity; disorganized behavior and excessively elevated mood

Front 229

neurosis

Back 229

nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behaviors

Front 230

panic attack

Back 230

sudden intense feeling of feat that comes without warning and is not attributable to any immediate danger

Front 231

psychosis

Back 231

major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting the challenges of daily lifei

Front 232

intracranial tumors

Back 232

that originate in the brain tissue are called primary intracranial tumors ; headache

Front 233

papilledema

Back 233

optic disk in back of eyeball swells

Front 234

agnosia

Back 234

inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations even though the sensory sphere is intact

Front 235

asthenia

Back 235

weakness, debility, loss of strength

Front 236

ataxia

Back 236

lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement

Front 237

closed head trauma

Back 237

injury to head in which the dura mater remains in tact and brain tissue is not exposed

Front 238

brain hits inside of the skull

Back 238

coup

Front 239

opposite side of brain hits the skull

Back 239

contrecoup

Front 240

coma

Back 240

abnormally deep unconsciousness with an absence of voluntary response to stimuli

Front 241

concussion

Back 241

injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness as a result of trauma to the head

Front 242

convulsion

Back 242

any sudden and violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles

Front 243

dementia

Back 243

broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment

Front 244

dyslexia

Back 244

inability to learn and process written language, despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure

Front 245

guillian barre syndrome

Back 245

autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response and sudden muscle weakness

viral GI infection

Front 246

herpes zoster

Back 246

acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body or occasionally the face; also called shingles

Front 247

huntington chorea

Back 247

inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration

Front 248

hydrocephalus

Back 248

accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure, thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones

Front 249

acquired hydrocephalus

Back 249

develops at birth; or any time afterward as a result of injury or disease

Front 250

congenital hydrocephalus

Back 250

during fetal development/genetic abnormalities

Front 251

lethary

Back 251

abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli

Front 252

anencephaly

Back 252

congenital deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing; stillborn dies

Front 253

spina bifida

Back 253

congenital deformity of the neural tube which fails to close during fetal development; also called neural tube defect

Front 254

meningocele spina bifida

Back 254

spinal cord develops properly but meninges protrude through spine

Front 255

myelomeningocele spina bifida

Back 255

most severe form of spina bifida, spinal cord and meniges protrude through spine

Front 256

occulta spina bifida

Back 256

one or more vertebrae are malformed and spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin

Front 257

palsy

Back 257

paralysis usually partial and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor

Front 258

bell palsy

Back 258

facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the 7th cranial nerve

Front 259

cerebral palsy

Back 259

type of paralysis that affects movement and body position and sometimes speech and learning ability

Front 260

paralysis

Back 260

loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation

Front 261

hemiplegia

Back 261

loss on one side of the body; unilateral

Front 262

paraplegia

Back 262

loss of both lower limbs

Front 263

quadriplegia

Back 263

paralysis of arms and legs commonly resulting in bowel, bladder and sexual dysfunction

Front 264

paresthesia

Back 264

sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity

Front 265

poliomyelitis

Back 265

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus; commonly resulting in muscle deformity and paralysis

Front 266

reye syndrome

Back 266

acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the brain, liver and possibly the pancreas and heart, kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes

Front 267

syncope

Back 267

brief loss of conciousness and posture caused by a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain; FAINTING

Front 268

elecroencephalography

Back 268

recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses

Front 269

electromyography

Back 269

recording of electrical signals, action potentials, that occur in muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess muscular disease or nerve damage

Front 270

lumbar puncture

Back 270

needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes; introduce anesthetic agents or remove fluid to allow for other fluids; also called spinal tap

Front 271

nerve conduction velocity

Back 271

test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve

Front 272

cryosurgery

Back 272

exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it

Front 273

stereotactic radiosurgery

Back 273

precisely focused stereostatic radiation beams are used to treat tumors and other abnormal growths in the brain, spinal column, and other body sites and delivers high doses of radiation to the tumor with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissue

Front 274

thalamotomy

Back 274

partial destruction of the thalamus, to treat intractable pain; involuntary movements including tremors in parkinsons disease; or emotional disturbances

Front 275

trephination

Back 275

technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure

Front 276

ventriculoperitoneal shunting

Back 276

relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles to the peritoneal or thoracic cavity

Front 277

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Back 277

lab test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord; used to diagnose disorders of the central nervous system; including viral and bacterial infections

Front 278

angiography

Back 278

radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium

Front 279

computed tomography angiography

Back 279

angiography in combination with a CT scan to produce high resolution 3D vascular images of the blood vessels

Front 280

discography

Back 280

CT scan of the lumbar region after injection of a contrast medium to detect problems with the spine and spinal nerve roots

Front 281

echoencephalography

Back 281

ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain

Front 282

magnetic source imaging

Back 282

noninvasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originates and enable custom surgical treatment for tumor and epileptic tissue resection; MEG

Front 283

myelography

Back 283

radiographic examination to detect pathology of the spinal cord; including the location of a spinal cord injury, cysts and tumors following contrast medium injection

Front 284

positron emission tomography

Back 284

computed tomography that records the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produces a cross section image of metabolic activity in body tissues to determine presence of disease

Front 285

psychostimulants

Back 285

reduce impulsive behavior by increasing the level of NTs