Chp. 16 Non-Specific Defense

Front 1

Nonspecific defense includes:

Back 1

The first and second line of defense

Front 2

The first line of defense includes:

Back 2

mechanical, chemical, and normal microflora

Front 3

What is the main first line of defense?

Back 3

Epidermis-when unbroken

Front 4

What are the seven means of mechanical defense?

Back 4

1. skin

2. mucus membranes

3. lacrimal apparatus

4. saliva

5. ciliary escalator

6. epiglottis

7. urine, vaginal secretion

Front 5

What does the chemical defense sebum do?

Back 5

Prevents hair from drying; protective film on skin that lowers pH

Front 6

Give 3 examples of perspiration/lysozyme (chemical defense)

Back 6

tears, saliva, sweat

Front 7

How do gastric juices behave as a chemical defense?

Back 7

They keep the pH between 1.2 and 3.0. Bacteria hates to be below pH 4

Front 8

How does transferrin act as a chemical defense against pathogens?

Back 8

Transferrin is an iron-binding protein that makes iron unavailable to the pathogen

Front 9

How does normal microbiota contribute to the first line of defense?

Back 9

The presence of normal microbiota suppresses growth of pathogenic organisms

Front 10

What line of defense is phagocytosis?

Back 10

Second line

Front 11

Low WBC count that is an indication of a disease

Back 11

Leukopenia

Front 12

High WBC count that is an indication of a disease

Back 12

Leukocytosis

Front 13

Large granules in cytoplasm

Back 13

Granulocytes

Front 14

Name 3 types of granulocytes

Back 14

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Front 15

How many lobes does a neutrophil nuclei have?

Back 15

2-5 lobes

Front 16

Are neutrophils phagocytic?

Back 16

Highly phagocytic

Front 17

When are neutrophils found?

Back 17

Early stages of infection

Front 18

Are basophils phagocytic?

Back 18

No

Front 19

How do basophils help with second line defense?

Back 19

They release histamine, which is important in inflammation and allergic response

Front 20

Eosinophils are somewhat _____________ against ______________.

Back 20

phagocytic; parasites

Front 21

When do eosinophil numbers increase?

Back 21

During parasitic infection

Front 22

Granules that are present but not visible

Back 22

Agranulocytes

Front 23

Type of agranulocyte that circulates in the blood and is not phagocytic.

Back 23

Monocytes

Front 24

Monocytes mature into _____________ in the tissue.

Back 24

Macrophages

Front 25

Are macrophages phagocytic?

Back 25

Highly phagocytic

Front 26

When do you see macrophages present in the body?

Back 26

Later stages of infection

Front 27

Macrophages that roam around until there is a problem.

Back 27

Wandering macrophages

Front 28

Macrophages that are part of the tissue, always present in the tissue

Back 28

Fixed macrophages

Front 29

Kupffer cells(liver), Alveolar cells(lungs), glial cells(brain), Peyer's patches(intestines), the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow are all examples of:

Back 29

macrophages

Front 30

Chemical attraction of phagocytes to pathogen

Back 30

Chemotaxis

Front 31

Enhancement of phagocytosis by coating microorganism with certain serum proteins.

Back 31

Opsonization

Front 32

Pseudopods engulf microorganism, meet and fuse, and surround the microorganism with a sac called:

Back 32

phagosome

Front 33

Where does the phagosome meet up with the lysosome?

Back 33

In the cytoplasm

Front 34

What type of enzymes does a lysosome contain?

Back 34

Digestive

Front 35

Phagosome and lysosome fuse together to form a larger structure called:

Back 35

phagolysosome

Front 36

Microorganism is digested inside the:

Back 36

phagolysosome

Front 37

S. Pyogenes protein that inhibits adherence

Back 37

M protein

Front 38

Prevents attachment of phagocytic cell to self

Back 38

capsule

Front 39

S. aureus; prevents digestion process (ingested not killed)

Back 39

Leukocidin

Front 40

Four signs of inflammation:

Back 40

1. redness

2. heat

3. swelling

4. pain

Front 41

Systemic response to infection

Back 41

Fever

Front 42

This is released by phagocytes and tells the hypothalamus to make body temperature high so that pathogen cannot reproduce.

Back 42

interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Front 43

This pathway to the complement system happens when an antigen (on pathogen) binds to an antibody.

Back 43

Classical pathway

Front 44

Pathway to the complement system activated by contact between certain complement proteins and a pathogen.

Back 44

Alternative pathway

Front 45

Pathway triggered when macrophages ingest bacteria/virus, then release cytokines that stimulate the liver to release lectins (proteins that bind to carbohydrates) that bind to pathogen.

Back 45

Lectin pathway