Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What grows in the cold/room temperature? |
psychrophiles |
|
What is the optimum temperature for psychrophile growth? |
20-25C |
|
Any pathogen that causes disease is a: |
mesophile |
|
What is optimum temperature for growth of a mesophile: |
37C |
|
What loves to grow in heat? |
thermophiles |
|
What is the optimum temperature for growth of a thermophile? |
50-60C |
|
What is the pH optimum for bacteria? |
Neutral/6.5-7.5 |
|
What is the pH optimum for fungi? |
5-6 |
|
What type of solution stops bacterial growth, but does not kill the cell |
Hypertonic |
|
In what type of solution does water leave the cell? |
Hypertonic |
|
In what type of solution does water enter the cell, causing lysis? |
Hypotonic |
|
What type of solution causes plasmolysis? |
Hypertonic |
|
What do you call the shrinkage of a cell's cytoplasm, which happens in a hypertonic solution? |
plasmolysis |
|
What is the preferred solution for bacterial growth? |
Isotonic |
|
What type of solution does the solute in the cell equal the solute outside of the cell? |
Isotonic |
|
What requires high salt concentration (no more than 1%) to grow? |
obligate halophiles/extreme halophiles |
|
What does not require high salt concentrations for growth, but can grow with 2% salt concentration? |
facultative halophile |
|
Besides water, what is most important for microbial growth? |
carbon |
|
What is required for all living organisms? |
carbon |
|
What three elements are seen in nucleic acid, ATP, DNA, amino acids, phospholipids, and are required to synthesize cellular material? |
Nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous |
|
What is essential for activity of enzyme? |
cofactors |
|
Trace elements are an example of: |
cofactors |
|
Name 3 trace elements: |
iron, zinc, copper |
|
What is required for growth, but cannot be synthesized by organism, and must be obtained from the environment? |
Organic growth factors |
|
Give an example of organic growth factors: |
vitamins |
|
What requires oxygen? |
aerobe |
|
What does not use oxygen? |
anaerobe |
|
What type of aerobe REQUIRES oxygen to grow? |
obligate aerobe |
|
What grows best in presence of oxygen, but can still grow (slowly) without oxygen? |
falcultative anaerobes |
|
What requires ABSENCE of oxygen to grow? |
obligate anaerobe |
|
What can tolerate presence of oxygen, but prefers absence of oxygen? |
aerotolerant anaerobe |
|
What requires low oxygen concentration (lower than the air) to grow? |
microaerophiles |
|
What neutralizes superoxide radicals that are toxic to cellular components? |
superoxide dismutase (SOD) |
|
What enzyme makes peroxide anion not toxic to cells? |
catalase |
|
What is an environment where nutrients are provided for the growth of microorganisms in a laboratory? |
culture media |
|
What medium is used for growth in plates? |
agar |
|
What medium is used for growth in test tubes? |
broth |
|
What happens to broth once there is bacterial growth? |
it becomes cloudy |
|
What do you call microbes that are introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth? |
inoculum |
|
What do you call the process of introducing the inoculum? |
inoculation |
|
What do you call conditions you set to grow bacteria? |
incubation |
|
How would you preserve a bacterial culture that you wanted to preserve for life? |
lyophilization (freeze-drying) |
|
In what type of bacterial division does the cell elongate, then divide, creating to equal cells? |
binary fission |
|
What type of bacterial division involves the growth of a bud off of a parent cell? |
budding |
|
What do you call the time required for a cell population to divide and double in size? |
generation time |
|
What is the first phase of bacterial growth, where there is little to no growth? |
Lag phase |
|
What is the second phase of bacterial growth, where growth of bacteria is exponential? |
Log phase |
|
What is the third phase of bacterial growth, where some cells are still produced but growth does not increase because cells are dying? |
Stationary phase |
|
What 3 things cause cells to hit the stationary phase? |
Accumulation of waste, lack of nutrition, temperature change |
|
What is the final stage of bacterial growth, where did cells out number live cells? |
Death phase |
|
What are the three types of direct measurement of bacterial cells? |
Plate count, filtration, direct microscopic count |
|
Which form of direct measurement uses serial dilution? |
Plate count |
|
How many colonies can you have to use plate count? |
30-300 |
|
Does plate count measure live or dead cells? |
live cells |
|
What type of direct measurement would you use if you had very few cells? |
filtration |
|
Do you count live or dead cells with filtration? |
live cells |
|
What type of direct measurement uses an oil immersion slide? |
direct microscopic count |
|
What is the fastest form of direct measurement? |
microscopy |
|
What are the 3 types of indirect measurement? |
turbidity, metabolic activity, dry weight |
|
What type of indirect measurement uses cloudy liquid medium as bacteria multiply? |
turbidity |
|
What type of indirect measurement measures CO2? |
metabolic activity |
|
What type of indirect measurement measures the amount of nucleic acid? |
dry weight |