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62 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What grows in the cold/room temperature?

psychrophiles

What is the optimum temperature for psychrophile growth?

20-25C

Any pathogen that causes disease is a:

mesophile

What is optimum temperature for growth of a mesophile:

37C

What loves to grow in heat?

thermophiles

What is the optimum temperature for growth of a thermophile?

50-60C

What is the pH optimum for bacteria?

Neutral/6.5-7.5

What is the pH optimum for fungi?

5-6

What type of solution stops bacterial growth, but does not kill the cell

Hypertonic

In what type of solution does water leave the cell?

Hypertonic

In what type of solution does water enter the cell, causing lysis?

Hypotonic

What type of solution causes plasmolysis?

Hypertonic

What do you call the shrinkage of a cell's cytoplasm, which happens in a hypertonic solution?

plasmolysis

What is the preferred solution for bacterial growth?

Isotonic

What type of solution does the solute in the cell equal the solute outside of the cell?

Isotonic

What requires high salt concentration (no more than 1%) to grow?

obligate halophiles/extreme halophiles

What does not require high salt concentrations for growth, but can grow with 2% salt concentration?

facultative halophile

Besides water, what is most important for microbial growth?

carbon

What is required for all living organisms?

carbon

What three elements are seen in nucleic acid, ATP, DNA, amino acids, phospholipids, and are required to synthesize cellular material?

Nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous

What is essential for activity of enzyme?

cofactors



Trace elements are an example of:

cofactors

Name 3 trace elements:

iron, zinc, copper

What is required for growth, but cannot be synthesized by organism, and must be obtained from the environment?

Organic growth factors

Give an example of organic growth factors:

vitamins

What requires oxygen?

aerobe

What does not use oxygen?

anaerobe

What type of aerobe REQUIRES oxygen to grow?

obligate aerobe

What grows best in presence of oxygen, but can still grow (slowly) without oxygen?

falcultative anaerobes

What requires ABSENCE of oxygen to grow?

obligate anaerobe

What can tolerate presence of oxygen, but prefers absence of oxygen?

aerotolerant anaerobe

What requires low oxygen concentration (lower than the air) to grow?

microaerophiles

What neutralizes superoxide radicals that are toxic to cellular components?

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

What enzyme makes peroxide anion not toxic to cells?

catalase

What is an environment where nutrients are provided for the growth of microorganisms in a laboratory?

culture media

What medium is used for growth in plates?

agar

What medium is used for growth in test tubes?

broth

What happens to broth once there is bacterial growth?

it becomes cloudy

What do you call microbes that are introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth?

inoculum

What do you call the process of introducing the inoculum?

inoculation

What do you call conditions you set to grow bacteria?

incubation

How would you preserve a bacterial culture that you wanted to preserve for life?

lyophilization (freeze-drying)

In what type of bacterial division does the cell elongate, then divide, creating to equal cells?

binary fission

What type of bacterial division involves the growth of a bud off of a parent cell?

budding

What do you call the time required for a cell population to divide and double in size?

generation time

What is the first phase of bacterial growth, where there is little to no growth?

Lag phase

What is the second phase of bacterial growth, where growth of bacteria is exponential?

Log phase

What is the third phase of bacterial growth, where some cells are still produced but growth does not increase because cells are dying?

Stationary phase

What 3 things cause cells to hit the stationary phase?

Accumulation of waste, lack of nutrition, temperature change

What is the final stage of bacterial growth, where did cells out number live cells?

Death phase

What are the three types of direct measurement of bacterial cells?

Plate count, filtration, direct microscopic count

Which form of direct measurement uses serial dilution?

Plate count

How many colonies can you have to use plate count?

30-300

Does plate count measure live or dead cells?

live cells

What type of direct measurement would you use if you had very few cells?

filtration

Do you count live or dead cells with filtration?

live cells

What type of direct measurement uses an oil immersion slide?

direct microscopic count

What is the fastest form of direct measurement?

microscopy



What are the 3 types of indirect measurement?

turbidity, metabolic activity, dry weight

What type of indirect measurement uses cloudy liquid medium as bacteria multiply?

turbidity

What type of indirect measurement measures CO2?

metabolic activity

What type of indirect measurement measures the amount of nucleic acid?

dry weight