Chp. 20 Antimicrobial Drugs

Front 1

Chemical that kills microorganisms, but doesn't damage the host.

Back 1

Antimicrobial drug

Front 2

Drug made in a lab.

Back 2

Synthetic drug

Front 3

Antibacterial. Some are formed naturally from bacteria or mold, like Penicillin.

Back 3

Antibiotic

Front 4

The measure of how many organisms one drug targets.

Back 4

Spectrum of activity

Front 5

Effects multiple categories of organisms.

Back 5

Broad spectrum

Front 6

What is the advantage to broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs?

Back 6

Can target multiple organisms if you are not sure what the organism is.

Front 7

What is the disadvantage to broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs?

Back 7

Kills normal flora.

Front 8

Antimicrobial drugs that only affect one category of organisms.

Back 8

Narrow spectrum

Front 9

What is the advantage of narrow spectrum antimicrobial drugs?

Back 9

They do not contribute to drug resistance.

Front 10

What is the disadvantage of narrow spectrum antimicrobial drugs?

Back 10

If you don't know what the organism is, you cannot use a specific killer.

Front 11

What are the actions of antimicrobial drugs? (How do they work-5 ways)

Back 11

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

2. Inhibition of protein synthesis

3. Injury to plasma membrane

4. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

5. Enzyme inhibition (stops organ growth)

Front 12

Name 4 antibacterial drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis:

Back 12

1. Penicillin

2. Cephalosporins

3. Vancomycin

4. Isomiazid

Front 13

Penicillin nucleus has a:

Back 13

B-lactam ring

Front 14

Penicillin is a ___________ spectrum drug.

Back 14

Narrow

Front 15

What does penicillinase target?

Back 15

B-lactam ring formation

Front 16

What is the prototype of natural penicillin?

Back 16

penicillin G

Front 17

Semisynthetic penicillins are ___________ range.

Back 17

Broad

Front 18

Cephalosporins is an alternative to ______________ that targets gram _______________.

Back 18

Pencillin; negative

Front 19

Vancomycin is a ____________ spectrum that targets Gram ____________ and was designed as a solution to ________________.

Back 19

narrow; positive; MSRA

Front 20

Isoniazid is designed to fight _____________ _________ and blocks/interferes with ______________________.

Back 20

Mycobacterium tuberculosis; mycolic acid/mycolic acid synthesis

Front 21

Name the four antibacterial drugs that inhibit protein synthesis:

Back 21

1. Aminoglycosides

2. Tetracyclins

3. Macrolids

4. Oxazolidinones

Front 22

Aminoglycosides fights Gram __________ organisms and is not used much due to lots of ____________ ___________.

Back 22

Negative; side effects

Front 23

Tetracyclins is _____________ spectrum and is used against ___________ and ___________.

Back 23

broad; UTI; pneumonia

Front 24

Macrolids are ____________ range.

Back 24

Narrow

Front 25

An example of Oxazolidinones is ___________ and it is the latest drug against ____________.

Back 25

Zyvox; MSRA

Front 26

What is the only antibiotic that causes injury to plasma membrane?

Back 26

Polymyxin B

Front 27

Polymyxin B fights Gram _________ and stops the growth of ________________. It can be found in __________ __________ to treat __________.

Back 27

negative; pseudonoma; topical creams; burns

Front 28

What are the two antibacterial drugs that are DNA/RNA inhibitors?

Back 28

1. Rifamycins

2. Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones

Front 29

Rifamycins are structurally related to ______________. They inhibit ________ synthesis. They are used to fight _____________.

Back 29

macrolids; mRNA; tuberculosis

Front 30

What is a side effect of Rifamycins?

Back 30

orange body secretions

Front 31

Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones inhibit:

Back 31

DNA replication

Front 32

What are two examples of quinolones/fluoroquinolones?

Back 32

nalidixic acid (UTI) and ciproflaxacin (UTI, anthrax)

Front 33

Why is ciproflaxacin not recommended for children or pregnant women?

Back 33

It prevents cartilage formation

Front 34

Sulfonomides are _____________ inhibitors.

Back 34

Enzyme

Front 35

How are sulfonomides bacteriostatic?

Back 35

They prevent folic acid synthesis for bacteria

Front 36

Name 5 antifungal drugs:

Back 36

1. Polyenes

2. Azoles

3. Flucytocine

4. Griseofulvin

5. Pentamidine

Front 37

Why are antifungal drugs more challenging?

Back 37

Fighting eukaryotic cells.

Front 38

What is an example of polyenes?

Back 38

Amphotericin B

Front 39

What does polyenes fight and how do they fight it?

Back 39

systemic fungal infections; they interfere with sterols

Front 40

Sterols in humans are called ____________. Sterols in fungi are called ______________.

Back 40

cholesterol; ergestron

Front 41

Azoles interfere with ______________ and fight _______________________________.

Back 41

sterols; systemic and cutaneous infections

Front 42

Flucytocine interferes with ________________________; has a __________ spectrum; fights ______________ mycosis.

Back 42

RNA biosynthesis; narrow; systemic

Front 43

Griseofulvin inhibits ___________ __________. It fights ____________ and _____________ mycoses.

Back 43

fungal reproduction; superficial; cutaneous

Front 44

How does pentamidine work?

Back 44

It binds to DNA; not sure after that.

Front 45

What does pentamidine fight?

Back 45

Pneumocystis carinii

Front 46

Name 7 antiviral drugs:

Back 46

1. Acyclovir

2. Ribavirin

3. Zidovudine

4. Relenza/Tamiflu/Amantadine

5. Indinavir

6. Isentress

7. Interferon

Front 47

How does Acyclovir work?

Back 47

It mimics DNA to stop DNA replication

Front 48

What is Acyclovir used against?

Back 48

genital herpes

Front 49

Ribavirin resembles __________ and increases _________________.

Back 49

guanine; mutation rate of RNA virus

Front 50

What does Zidovudine inhibit?

Back 50

reverse transcription

Front 51

What is Zidovudine used against?

Back 51

HIV

Front 52

How do Relenza, Tamiflu, and Amantadine work?

Back 52

They inhibit the enzyme neuraminidase, which is an enzyme that allows budding separation to occur. Once this separation is stopped, the virus can no longer grow/spread.

Front 53

Indinavir is an anti ____________ drug that inhibits ____________.

Back 53

HIV; protease

Front 54

Isentress is an ____________ blocker that blocks the integration process of ___________ into host ___________. It is given to people ___________.

Back 54

integrase; HIV; chromosome. Already being treated for HIV

Front 55

Interferon have ____________ for ____________ treatment.

Back 55

cytokines; hepatitis

Front 56

Name 3 antiprotozoan drugs:

Back 56

1. Quinine

2. Quinacrine

3. Metronidazole

Front 57

Quinine is used against:

Back 57

malaria

Front 58

Quinacrine is used against:

Back 58

Giardiasis

Front 59

Metronidazole is used against:

Back 59

protozoa(eukaryotic) and obligate anaerobic bacteria(prokaryotic)

Front 60

Name 3 antihelminth drugs:

Back 60

1. Niclosamide

2. Praziquantel

3. Mebebdazole, Pyantel pamoate

Front 61

Niclosamide inhibits __________ production in the presence of O2. It targets _________ and _________.

Back 61

ATP; tapeworms; flukes

Front 62

Praziquantel alters __________________ and targets ___________.

Back 62

plasma membrane permeability; tapeworms

Front 63

Mebebdazole/Pyantel pamoate inhibits _____________ formation and is used against:

Back 63

microtubule; roundworm, pin worm, whip worm

Front 64

How do microorganisms resist drug mechanisms?

Back 64

1. Block entry of drug

2. Inactivation by enzymes (ex. penicillinase)

3. Efflux of antibiotic (pump drug out of cell)

4. Alteration of target molecule (ex. change shape of cell)