Child Development

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amniotic sac

Back 1

fluid-filled, transparent protective membrane surrounding the fetus

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teratogen

Back 2

any environmental agent that can cause deviations in prenatal development. Consequences may range from behvioral problems to death. alchol drugs toxin etc.

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apgar scale

Back 3

measures five vital signs: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex responsivity and color. Each vila sign is scored 0,1, or 2 based on the criteria described in chart

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toxoplasmosis

Back 4

cause by a parasit found in mayn mammals and birds. Humans come into contact with it in cat litter or eating raw or uncooked meat

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thalidomide

Back 5

med given for morning sickness and reducing anxiety. Deformaties of the limbs, depending on time of exposure, often accompanied by mental retardation

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Fetal Alcohol syndrome

Back 6

exhibit retardation or learning difficulties along with other behavioral problems one in every one hundred births in the US displays FAS

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brain lateralization

Back 7

Process by which one hemisphere of the brain comes to dominat the other, for example, processing of language in the left hemisphere or of spatial information in the right hemisphere.

Front 8

rhythmical stereotypies

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Repeated sequences of movements, such as leg kicking, hand waving, or head banging, that havae not apparent goal.

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placenta

Back 9

support organ formed by cells form both blastocyst and uterine lining; serves as exchange site for oxygen, nutrients, and waste product.

Front 10

Plasticity of the brain

Back 10

the ability for the brain and individual neurons within those regions, to take on different functions as a result of experience.

Front 11

Cephalocaudal development

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Pattern in which organs, sytems, and motor movements near the head tend to develop earlier tan those near the feet

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concordance rate

Back 12

Percentage of pairs of twins in which both members have a a specific trait identifies in one twin

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Heritability

Back 13

Proportion of variability in the phenotype that is estimated to be accounted for by genetic influences within a known environmental range.

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dizygotic twins

Back 14

fraternal twins two eggs one sperm

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Prader-Willi

Back 15

display among other physical and behavioral characteristic, short stature, obesity, and mild to moderate mental retardation

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homozygous

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genotype in which tow alleles of gene are identical, thus having the same effects on a trait

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heterozygous

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genotype in which tow alleles of a gene are different. The effects on a trait will depend on how the two alleles interact

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genotype

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total genetic endowment inherited by an individual

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phenotype

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observable and measurable characteristics and traits of an indiviual; aproduct of the interaction of the genotype with the environment

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gene expression

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Large segment of nucleotides within a chromosome that codes for the production of proteins and enzymes underlie traits and characteristics inherited from one generation to the next.

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allele

Back 21

alternate form of a specific gene; provides a genetic basis for many individual differences.

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chromosomal abnormalities
Angelman Syndrome

Back 22

display disturbances in gait suggestive of marionette like movements, epilepsy and more sever learning difficulties, including minimal or no speech

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Williams Syndrome

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Dominant genetic dosorder involving the deletion of a set of genes that result in affected individuals typically having a strong social orientation, good musical ability, and some unusual capabilities; accompanied by mental retardation and severe deficits in numerical and spatial ability.

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cystic fibrosis

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thickening of the mucus lining in the respiratory tract that interferes with breathing. common autosomal recessive disorder. dominant recessive relationship between alleles.

Front 25

sickle cell Disease

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a genetic blood disorder common in regions of Africa and other areas where malaria is found and among descendents of the people of these region. Abnormal blood cells carry insufficient oxygen

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canalization

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concept that the development of some attributes is governed primarily by the genotype and only extreme environmental conditions will alter the phenotypic pattern for these attributes.

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range of reaction

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Range of phenotypic differences possible as a result of different environments interacting with a specific genotype

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passive links

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correlation between genotype and environment is labeled as passive, because it has been created for the child by the parents

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evocative links

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occurs when aspects of the environment, particularly other people, support or encourage behaviors that may have a genetic component; that is, other people's behavior occurs in response to or is evoked by the gehild's genotype.