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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Toltecs |
In Heartland of MesoAmerica Cultural Predecessors of Aztecs Tula = capital Topiltzin = mythological founding father Influenced N. American culture via trade Human sacrifice and good pottery Brought down by nomadic invaders (1150) |
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Hopewell People/Cahokia |
largest city in N. America at the time Modern-Day Illinois Showed Toltec influence- human sacrifice Built Monks Mound Connected Ohio and Mississippi Rivers |
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Aztecs |
Minor group under Toltecs Run off homeland, wander wilderness, then settled on island in Lake Texcoco By 1325, built Tenochtitlan Great warriors -society built on military prowress King/Emperor at top of society |
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Aztec Religion |
Polytheistic Non-morality based Similar to the Greek Pantheon of gods Huitzilopochti- god of war/sacrifice Tlatoc - god of fertility/agriculture Great calenders --> impacted by the gods Human sacrifice - made sun rise, political control |
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Tenochtitlan |
Island with major city and surrounding villages City built in middle of lake - good engineering Network of 4 disconnectable bridges - defense Chinampas - floating ag. beds Self sufficient city! Calpulli: local, clan-style leaders. Local gvnt Pochtea: merchant class Maize: like corn, basis of society --> food source |
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Aztec Society in Transition |
Calpulli lost pwr b/c military = more important Flower Wars - mock battles for human sacrifice Settled, creating more social disparity Created tributary states --> internal problems Already in decline by 1492 |
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Chimor Empire |
Small empire established around 900 CE Overthrown by Inca in 1400 CE |
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Basis for Inca Empire |
Pachacuti = rebel leader, becomes Suppainca Geography based b/c of Andes. Long, thin empire High population (9-13 million) |
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Cultural/Religion Incan Practices |
Cult of Ancestors; ancestors present in spiritual sense and venerated Temple of the Sun: constant human sacrifice --> to raise sun & political control Huaca: any Incan holy site; temple, tomb, etc Split Inheritance: among 2/3 sons to ensure ancestor veneration --> keep spirits alive |
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Incan Society |
Suppa-Inca: both ruler and god (Pharoh) Split into 4 regions --> federal system -- each region gvrned by regional gvnr Ayllus: regional leaders Social stratification --> nobility wore gauges Quecha: dominant, spoken language group Quipu: string system for record keeping Oral historian population |
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Incan Infrastructure |
Road system mejor que los Romanos Tambos: waystations, gvnt funded stopping points with food, lodging, etc Mita: labor tax, family taken care of during Yanas: civil servants - permanent gvnt workers Aqueducts: fine nets on tops of mtns gather water, funneled to cities Macchu Picchu: carved into Mtn, meant to protect? |
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Other Native American Societies |
N. America = very diverse!!! Kinship based societies= common Communal ownership of property --> tribal land Women had more status b/c more mobile Diverse living styles, some ag., some hunter/gatherers Had limitations: no wheel, very little written lang, no large pack animals |
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After the Han Dynasty |
Han dynasty was overthrown by Huns/nomadic invaders cerca 220 CE 6 Dynasties Era/3 Kingdoms Period - regional warlords Period of disunion -> growth of Buddhism No Confucianism, no bureacracy |
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Sui Dynasty |
589 CE Wendi: builds alliance systems -good taxes, infrastructure, food storage -good political leader w/ public support -negotiated peace treaties w/ nomadic tribes -murdered by son, Yangdi Yangdi: continued to build bureaucracy -expands to former Han holdings -started Grand Canal -connects Huanghe & Yangtze -failed to take over Korean penninsula -successfully extended into Turkestan |
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Emergence of the Tang Dynasty |
Local leaders begin to rebel b/c roads= failing - speculate Sui lost Mandate due to banditry Li Yuan: official of Yangdi - assassinated him -frontier armies, rebuilding of Great Wall -created Tributary state in Korea (Silla) - (Just pay taxes) -protectorates in Turkestan - (must answer to Tang gvnt) Buddhism spreads -> Mes Aynak= temple in Afganistan |
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Rebuilding the Bureaucracy |
Resurgence of Confucius ideals Shi-class benefit --> staff bureaucracy Promotes merit-based advancement Capital at Chang 'An Civil Service Exams even more complex - Ministry of Rights: gvnt branch to oversee it - Jinshi: ppl who pass the hardest test on chinese lit --> typically achieved by nobility
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Buddhist Rise |
Mahayana Buddhism: "Greater vehicle" - salvation of ones soul. - Brought by Boddisatvas -"pure land strain" - salvationist - popular with peasants. Pure heaven on earth!
Chan: Stressed meditation and nature's beauty - personal with nature - Zen Buddhism in Japan - popular with nobility Empress Wu: Chan Buddhist - tried to make Buddhism official religion - invested gvnt taxes in LuoYang statues - 50,000 monasteries built |
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Anti-Buddhist Backlash |
Daoists lead Anti-Buddhist backlash -> direct competition in peasants -> both spiritual in nature $$ Backlash -> monasteries not taxed Emperor WuZong: Buddhist Basher -> destroys statues, shrines, monasteries, etc -> makes monks/nuns leave order -> subject to taxation again Buddhism still = healthy minority!! Large cultural prescence |
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Tang Decline |
Corruption in gvnt - Empress Wei: poisoned possible heir to throne so son would be emperor - many fights for succession XuanZong: Promises reforms but fails -> falls for YangGuifei = bad news -> nepotism, neglects army & economy -> military leaders revolt --> put down --> still destabilizes central pwr -> has to execute Guifei -> dies of broken <3 Followed by 50 year disunion -> 5 different dynasties (907-960) |
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Founding of Song Dynasty |
(960 CE) Emperor Taizu: bested 4 other families -> warlord. beats others. good ruler tho -> never able to conquer Liao Empire to N -> Pay Liao to stay out --> begins cycle of weakness to nomads Sinification: Embrace elements of Chinese culture - ie. Liao Empire embraces Buddhism, bureaucracy, etc |
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Song Politics |
Military VS Gvnt - ensure military - fear of military insurrection - military commander term limits - overly strengthened Shi-Class Scholar Gentry - standardized Civil Service Exam - it had more corruption though - too many people passed, too big - too many positions, too little to do |
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Neo-Confucianism |
Resurgence of Confucian Philosophy ZhuXi: (1130-1200) GOOD -> reestablishes personal morality and just living --> mutual respect, frugality -> focus on Chinese ethnic traditions -> cultural revival BAD -> foot binding emerges, patriarchy revives |
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Song Decline |
(Mid-12th Century) -has to pay $ to the N Nomads (XiXiia & Jin Empires) -- they also encroached on Chinese land -has to put more money into the too small army -Scholar-Gentry spending money poorly WangAnshi: taxed Shi-class more -> invested in university style education -> infrastructure ie. irrigation |
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Tang & Song Innovations (During the Golden Age) |
Grand Canal--> connected Beijing and Hangzhou Trade--> Silk Road reemerged Junks--> large ships with rudders Compass Movable Type Printing--> use wood block Abacus--> math Flying Money--> paper, like credit voucher cashed in @ deposit shops. $$ = safer Chang 'An--> seat of pwr in Tang. Huge pop --> Imperial Park ( like forbidden city) HangZhou--> public baths, tea houses Ag Improvements--> helped by Grand Canal --> Wheel Barrow, Champa Rice (Vietnamese) --> Lead to pop explosion, harvest 4x/yr --> biggest pop in the world! |
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Family and Society in Sui, Tang, Song Era |
-more restrictions on women in aristocracy - Neo-Confucianism brings back patriarchy - Divorce: possible w/ mutual consent ONLY - Children: heavy patriarchy and obedience - can behead own child if stands up in court - can be used for labor tax |
