Chapter 9: Joints

Front 1

joints:

-aka

-definition (2)

Back 1

-articulations

-

1. link bones into a functional whole: supports body, effective movement & protect organs

2. any point where 2 bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface

Front 2

arthrology

Back 2

all that dealing with joint structure

Front 3

kinesiology

Back 3

all that dealing with musculoskeletal skeletal movement

Front 4

biomechanics

Back 4

varied body movement and mechanics

Front 5

the name of a joint is typically derived from...

Back 5

the names of the bones invovled

Front 6

list the 3 joints

Back 6

1. bony joint

2. fibrous joint

3. cartilaginous joint

4. synovial joint

Front 7

bony joints: aka, def, example (3)

Back 7

- aka synostosis

immovable joint formed when the gap btw 2 bones ossifies (forming bone) & they become a single bone

Can form from ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints

example:

1.Frontal and mandibular bones in infants

2. Cranial sutures in elderly

3.Attachment of first rib to the sternum becomes synopsis with age

Front 8

fibrous joints

Back 8

-aka synarthorosis or synarthrodial

collagen fibers that bound adjacent bones; there are 3 types: 1. sutures 2. gomphoses 3. syndesmoses

Front 9

sutures

Back 9

immobile or only slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other (they occur nowhere else)

There are 3 types of sutures: serrate, lap (squamous) & plane (butt)

Front 10

serrate suture and an examples

Back 10

-wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle

-the coronal, sagittal & lambdoid sutures that border the parietal bones

Front 11

lap sutures and an example

Back 11

-occur where 2 bones have overlapping beveled edges, like miter joint in carpentry. On the surface, a lap suture appears as a relatively smooth (non serrated) line

-the squamous suture between the temporal & parietal bones

Front 12

what is the difference in the fiber lengths of the following: sutures, gomphoses & syndesmoses and the result of that

Back 12

in sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short & allow for little or no movement

in syndesmoses, the fibers are longer & the attached bones are more movable

Front 13

plane and example

Back 13

when 2 bones have straight, non overlapping edges. The 2 bones merely border on each other, like 2 boards glued together

ex: between the palatine processes of the maxillae in the roof of the mouth

Front 14

gomphoses

Back 14

the attachment of a bone to its socket (similar to a nail hammered into wood)

ex: the attachment of tooth (although not considered bones) to its socket. Tooth held firmly in place by periodontal ligament (with collagen fibers that extend from the bone matrix of the jaw into the dental tissue). Periodontal ligament allows tooth to move or give a little under stress of chewing, which allows us to feel sensations as we chew.

Front 15

syndesmoses

Back 15

a fibrous joint at which 2 bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers. The separation btw bone and fiber length give these joints more mobility than a suture or gomphosis has.

An esp very movable syndesmoses is between the shafts of the radius & ulna

A less movable syndesmoses is the one that binds the distal ends of the tibia & fibula together, side by side

Front 16

cartilaginous joint: aka

Back 16

-amphiarthrodial or amphiarthrosis

- 2 bones are linked by cartilage. The 2 types are:

1. synchondroses

2. symphyses

Front 17

synchondroses and example (2)

Back 17

joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage

-ex:

1. temporary joint between the epiphysis & diaphysis of a long bone in a child

2. attachment of the first rib to the sternum by a hyaline costal cartilage

Front 18

symphyses and example

Back 18

2 bones are joined by fibrocartilage

-ex: pubic symphysis; the joint between the bodies of 2 vertebrae, untied by an intervertebral disc

Front 19

synovial joint: aka

Back 19

-aka diarthosis or diarthrodial joint

it's the most familiar type of joint & the most structurally complex & the most free moving

Front 20

synovial joint general anatomy

Back 20

-the facing surfaces are covered with articular cartilage (layer of hyaline cartilage).

-the surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid (it's rich in albumin & hyaluronic acid), which nourishes the articular cartilage, removes its waste & makes movements at the synovial joints almost friction free.

-connective tissue, joint (articular) capsule, encloses the cavity & retains the fluid

-it has an outer fibrous capsule continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones, and an inner cellular synovial membrane (composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete the fluid & is populated by macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity)

Front 21

what are the 2 types of fibrocartilage within the synovial joints

Back 21

1. Articualar disc: goes all across

2. Meniscus: partial

Front 22

what are the 3 accessory ligaments and describe them

Back 22

1. Tendon: attaches muscle to bone

2. Ligament: attaches one bone to another

3. Bursa: fibrous sac with synovial fluid where a tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin

4. Tendon (synovial) sheath: bursae wrapped around tendon (esp in hand and feet)

Front 23

when does rotation occur

Back 23

when an effort applied to one point on the lever overcomes resistance (load) at some other point

Front 24

first class lever and an example

Back 24

the fulcrum in the middle (EFR)

ex: altano-occipital joint of the neck

Front 25

second class lever and an example

Back 25

resistance is in the middle (FRE)

ex: raising knee as you sit

Front 26

third class lever and example

Back 26

effort applied between the fulcrum and resistance (REF)

ex: most musculoskeletal levers are this; elbow flexing & forearm

Front 27

range of motion

Back 27

degrees thorough which a joint can move

Front 28

what are the 6 classes of synovial joints, what axials they move on and an example

Back 28

1. ball & socket: multi-axial: humeroscapula (shoulder) & hip joints

2. condylar: biaxial: metacarpophalanges (knuckles) & wrist

3. hinge: monoaixal: humeroulnar (elbow) & interphalangeal (joint w/in fingers)

4. plane: nonaxial: intercarpel (w/in wrist) & intertarsel (w/in ankle)

5. pivot: monoaxial: radioulnar

6, saddle: monoaxial: trapeziometacarpel & carpometacarpel (joints of the thumb) [thumb movement]

Front 29

zero position

Back 29

when one is standing in anatomical position, each joint is said to be in this position. Joint movements can be described as deviating from the zero position or returning to it

Front 30

flexion

Back 30

movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane

esp common at hinge joints

Front 31

extension

Back 31

movement that straightens a joint and generally returns body back to the zero position

Front 32

abduction

Back 32

movement of the body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

ex: moving feet apart to stand spread-legged or raising arm to the side of the body

Front 33

adduction

Back 33

movement of the body part in the frontal plane back towards the midline of the body

Front 34

hyperadduct

Back 34

crossing

ex: crossing fingers or crossing ankles in front of each other

Front 35

hyperabduct your arm means to...

Back 35

raise it high enough to cross slightly over the front or back of your head

Front 36

when you reach in front of you to push a door open, your shoulder __________

Back 36

protracts

Front 37

your shoulder __________ when you return it the the resting (zero) position or pull the shoulders back to stand at military attention

Back 37

refreacts

Front 38

rowing a boat requires _______ & ________ of the shoulders

Back 38

protraction & refraction

Front 39

drawing a circle involves ____________

Back 39

circumduction

Front 40

if you stand with bent elbow and move your forearm to place your palm against your abdomen, your humorous spins in a motion called ____________.

Back 40

medial (internal) rotation

Front 41

if you make the opposite motion, so the forearm points away from the body, your humerus exhibits _______________.

Back 41

lateral (external) rotation

Front 42

anterior

Back 42

the front; facing upward

Front 43

posterior

Back 43

the back; facing downward

Front 44

supination

Back 44

turns the palm to face anterior (facing upward)

Front 45

pronation

Back 45

turns the plan to face posterior (facing downward)

Front 46

lateral flexion

Back 46

tilting the head or trunk to the left or right of the midline

Front 47

lateral excursion

Back 47

side to side movement of the mandible (movement to the left or right of the zero position)

Front 48

medial excursion

Back 48

movement back to the median, zero position

Front 49

ulnar flexion

Back 49

tilt the hand towards the little finger

Front 50

radial flexion

Back 50

tilt it toward the thumb

Front 51

radial abduction

Back 51

move your thumb away from the index finger so they form a 90 degree angle

Front 52

opposition

Back 52

move the thumb to touch the tip of any of the other fingers

Front 53

reposition

Back 53

return to zero position from opposition

Front 54

dorsiflexion

Back 54

movement in which the toes are elevated, as when one applies toe nail polish

Front 55

plantar flexion

Back 55

movement of the foot so the toes point downward, as in pressing the gas pedal of a car or standing on tiptoes

Front 56

inversion

Back 56

foot movement that tips the soles medially, somewhat facing each other

Front 57

eversion

Back 57

movement that tips the soles medially, somewhat facing away from each other

Front 58

what is the other name of the jaw joint

what does the joint consist of

what are its ligaments

Back 58

-temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

-the articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

- lateral ligament & sphenomandibular ligament

Front 59

what is the other name of the shoulder joint

what does the joint consist of

what is the cavity of the shoulder called

Back 59

-glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint

- where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

-glenoid labrum (its a ring of fibrocartilage)

Front 60

what is does the rotator cuff consist of

Back 60

the tendons of 4 muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor & subscapularis (they are all fused to the joint except on the inferior side)

Front 61

what are the ligaments of the shoulder joint

Back 61

5 principal ligaments: glenohumeral ligament ( 3 of these), coracohumeral ligament & traverse humeral ligament

Front 62

what are the bursar of the shoulder joint

Back 62

subdeltoid, subcromial, subcoracoid & subcapular

Front 63

what joints do the elbow consist of

Back 63

humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint & proximal radioulnar joint

Front 64

what is the bursa of the elbow

Back 64

olecranon bursa

Front 65

what ligaments are involved in the elbow joint

Back 65

radial (lateral) collateral ligament, ulnar (medial) collateral ligament & anular ligament

Front 66

-what is the other name of the hip joint

-the deeply cut _______________ that receives the head of the femur is enhanced by a circular rim of fibrocartilage called the _____________.

Back 66

-coxal joint

-acetabulum; acetabular labrum

Front 67

what are the ligaments of the hip bone

Back 67

iliofemoral ligament, pubofemural ligament & ischiofemoral ligament, round ligament (aka ligamentum teres) & tranverse acetabular ligament

Front 68

what is the head of the femur's conspicuous pit called

Back 68

fovea capitis

Front 69

does the round ligament secure the femoral head

Back 69

no because it's slack

Front 70

what is the other name of the knee joint and what type of joint is it

Back 70

tibiofemoral joint [it's the largest & most complex diathesis of the body]; it's a hinge joint

Front 71

what are the joints of the knee joint

Back 71

tibiofemoral joint, patellofemoral joint (the patella & patellar ligament also articulate with the femur to form this)

Front 72

the jaw joint is the articulation of which 2 bones

Back 72

mandible & temporal bone

Front 73

the rotator cuff tendons enclose the shoulder joint on all sides except _____________, which explains in part the nature of most shoulder dislocations

Back 73

interiorly

Front 74

Radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial) collateral ligaments restrict side-to-side movements of the ______________ joint

Back 74

elbow

Front 75

which is the most stable joint

Back 75

coxal joint

Front 76

which is the largest and most complex diarthrosis

Back 76

knee

Front 77

The ________________ deepens the socket of the hip joint and helps stabilize the joint.

Back 77

acetabular labrum

Front 78

What structure in the knee prevents hyperextension?

Back 78

the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Front 79

the talocrural joint is a meeting of which bones

Back 79

tibia, fibula & talus

Front 80

describe the posterior popliteal region of the knee

Back 80

it's supported by extracapsular ligaments [supported by 2 collateral ligaments that prevent the knee from rotating when the joint is extended: fibular (lateral) collateral ligament & tibial (medial) collateral ligament) ]& 2 intracapsular ligaments (these ligaments cross each other in the form of an X: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) & posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Front 81

what are the 4 anterior bursae of the knee joint

Back 81

superfical infrapatellar, suprapatellar, prepatellar and deep infrapatellar

Front 82

infra-

Back 82

below, under

Front 83

supra-

Back 83

above, over

Front 84

what side is the tibia on

Back 84

medial (inside) side

Front 85

what side is the fibula on

Back 85

lateral (outside) side

Front 86

what is the other name of the ankle joint

Back 86

talocrural joint

Front 87

what are the 4 ligaments of the ankle responsible for and what they bind to

Back 87

1. anterior & posterior tibiofibular ligaments: bind the tibia to the fibula

2. medial (deltoid) ligament: binds the tibia to the foot on the medial side

3. lateral (collateral) ligament: binds the fibula to the foot on the lateral side

Front 88

what part of the ankle plantarflexes the foot and limits dorsiflexion

Back 88

the calcaneal (achilles) tendon

Front 89

explain how the biceps tendon braces the shoulder joint

Back 89

The biceps tendon attaches the biceps muscle to the shoulder and helps to stabilize the joint

Front 90

what keeps the femur from slipping backward off the tibia

Back 90

PCL (posterior cruciate ligament)

Front 91

what keeps the tibia from slipping sideways off the talus?

Back 91

medial joint

Front 92

arthritis

Back 92

broad term for joint rhematism

Front 93

bursitis

Back 93

inflammation of bursa, usually due to overeat of a joint

Front 94

dislocation

Back 94

displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint, usually accompanied by a sprain of the adjoining connective tissues.

Front 95

gout

Back 95

a hereditary disease, most common in men, in which uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints and irritate the articular cartilage and synovial membrane

Front 96

rheumatism

Back 96

broad term for any pain in the supportive & locomotory organs of the body (includes bones, ligaments, tendons & muscles)

Front 97

sprain

Back 97

torn ligament or tendon, sometimes with damage to a meniscus or other cartilage

Front 98

strain

Back 98

painful over stretching of a tendon or muscle without serious tissue damage

Front 99

synovitis

Back 99

inflammation of a joint capsule, often as a complication of a sprain

Front 100

tendinitis

Back 100

a form of bursitis in which a tendon sheath is inflamed

Front 101

unlike other joints, a ___________ joint doesn't join 2 bones to each other

Back 101

gomphosis

Front 102

what type of doctor treats arthritis

Back 102

rhematologist

Front 103

which can you overextend: the wrist or the elbow

Back 103

the wrist

Front 104

what type of joint is between L2 & L3

Back 104

symphysis

Front 105

suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. What are the fingers doing?

Back 105

adduction of the fingers

Front 106

man raises his chin to shave his neck is what motion

Back 106

hyperextention of the neck

Front 107

stand on tiptoes __________________ at the ankle

Back 107

plantar flexion

Front 108

your shoulders _______________ when you reach to push a revolving door

Back 108

protract

Front 109

monoaxial joint like the elbow is capable of which one of the following movements

Back 109

flexion & extension

Front 110

some joints become synostoses by the replacement of ________________.

Back 110

fibers with bone

Front 111

"wear & tear" arthritis is ___________________

Back 111

osteoarthritis

Front 112

the pubic bones deal with what type of joints

Back 112

symphysis

Front 113

ulna & humerus is an example of what type of lever

Back 113

first class lever

Front 114

the elbow is both which 2 type of joints

Back 114

hinge and pivot joints

Front 115

the menisci of the knee are functionally similar to the ___________________.

Back 115

articular disc

Front 116

what is the joint between parietal bones

Back 116

sagittal suture

Front 117

what is the joint between the frontal bone & parietal bones

Back 117

coronal suture

Front 118

what is the joint between the parietal bone & the temporal bone

Back 118

squamous suture