Chapter 8 Joints: Part A

Front 1

What is Articulation?

Back 1

Site where two or more bones meet

Front 2

What are the functions of joints?

Back 2

Give skeleton mobility and holds skeleton together

Front 3

What is functional classification of joints based on?

Back 3

amount of movement allowed by the joint

Front 4

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

Back 4

1. Synarthroses

2. Amphiarthroses

3.Diathroses

Front 5

What is synarthroses?

Back 5

immovable

Front 6

What is amphiarthroses?

Back 6

slightly movable

Front 7

What is diarthroses?

Back 7

freely movable

Front 8

What is the structural classification of joints based on?

Back 8

Material binding bone together and whether or not a joint cavity is present

Front 9

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

Back 9

1. Fibrous

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial

Front 10

What are fibrous joints?

Back 10

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue with no joint cavity and most are synathrotic(immovable)

Front 11

What are the three types of Fibrous joints?

Back 11

1. Sutures

2. Syndesmoses

3. Gomphoses

Front 12

What are sutures?

Back 12

Fibrous joint that is rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective tissue fibers, and allow for growth. Joint held together with very short interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull.

Front 13

What is synostoses?

Back 13

In middle age when sutures ossify they are called this

Front 14

What are Syndesmoses?

Back 14

Bones connected by ligaments and movement varies from immovable to slightly movable. Joints held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than sutures.

Front 15

What are Examples of Syndesmoses?

Back 15

Synarthrotic distal tibiofibular joint, and diathrotic interosseous connection between radius and ulna

Front 16

What is Gomphoses?

Back 16

Fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets and fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket

Front 17

What are cartilaginous joints?

Back 17

Bones united by cartilage that have no joint cavity.

Front 18

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Back 18

1. synchondroses 2. Symphyses

Front 19

What are synchondroses?

Back 19

Cartilaginous joint that is a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones and all are synarthrotic. Bones are united by hyaline cartilage

Front 20

What are symphyses?

Back 20

Cartilaginous joint that hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage. Strong flexible amphiathroses. Bones are united by fibrocartilage

Front 21

Synovial joints are all _____?

Back 21

Diathrotic

Front 22

What do synovial joints include?

Back 22

All limb joints; most joints of the body

Front 23

What is synovial joints 1st distinguishing feature?

Back 23

1. Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage

Front 24

What is synovial joints 2nd distinguishing feature?

Back 24

2. Joint (synovial) cavity: small potential space

Front 25

What is synovial joints 3rd distinguishing feature?

Back 25

3. Articular (joint) capsule: - outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue. - Inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue.

Front 26

What is synovial joints 4th distinguishing feature?

Back 26

4. Synovial fluid: -Viscous slippery filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid. - Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage.

Front 27

What is synovial joints 5th distinguishing feature?

Back 27

5. Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments: capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular.

Front 28

Define capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular:

Back 28

Capsular: (intristic) part of the fibrous capsule

Extracapsular: outside the capsule

Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane

Front 29

What is synovial joints 6th distinguishing feature?

Back 29

Rich nerve and blood vessel supply: -Nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch. -Capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial fluid

Front 30

What are synovial joints friction reducing structures?

Back 30

Bursae and Tendon sheath

Front 31

What is Bursae?

Back 31

-Flattened, fibrous sacs lines with synovial membranes. -Contain synovial fluid. -Commonly act as "ball bearings"

Front 32

What is "ball bearings"?

Back 32

Where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together.

Front 33

What is Tendon sheath?

Back 33

-Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon.

Front 34

What are the stabilizing factors at Synovial joints?

Back 34

-Shapes of articular surfaces (minor role)

- Ligament number and location (Limited role)

- Muscle tone, which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut

- Extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot

Front 35

What is Synovial joints description of movement?

Back 35

-Muscle attachments across a joint: -Origin~attachment to the immovable bone.- Insertion~attachment to the movable bone.

-Muscle contraction causes the instertion to move toward the origin.

-Movement occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes.

Front 36

What is Synovial joints range of motion?

Back 36

-Nonaxial~slipping movement only

-Uniaxial~movement in one plane

-Biaxial~movement in two planes

-Multiaxial~movement in or around all three planes

Front 37

What is the 1st type of movement of synovial joints?

Back 37

Gliding

Front 38

What is the 2nd type of movement of synovial joints?

Back 38

Angular movements: Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction.

Front 39

What is the 3rd type of movement of synovial joints?

Back 39

Rotation: medial and lateral rotation

Front 40

What is the 4th type of movement of synovial joints?

Back 40

Special movements:

supination, pronation,

dorsiflexion, plantar flexion of the foot,

inversion, eversion,

protraction, retraction,

elevation, depression,

opposition

Front 41

What is gliding movement?

Back 41

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface.

Front 42

What are examples of gliding movements?

Back 42

-Intercarpal joints

-Intertarsal joints

-Between articular processes of vertebrae

Front 43

What are the angular movements along the sagittal plane?

Back 43

Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension

Front 44

Define Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension:

Back 44

-Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint

-Extension: increases the angle of the joint

-Hyperextension: excessive extension beyond normal range of motion

Front 45

What are the angular movements that occur along the frontal plane?

Back 45

Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction

Front 46

Define Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction:

Back 46

-Abduction: movement away from the midline

-Adduction: movement toward the midline

Circumduction: flexion+ abduction+ extension+ adduction of a limb so as to describe a cone in space.

Front 47

What is rotation?

Back 47

The turning of a bone around its own long axis

Front 48

What are examples of rotation?

Back 48

-Between C1 and C2 vertebrae

-Rotation of humerus and femur

Front 49

What are the special movements of radius around the ulna?

Back 49

Supination and Pronation

Front 50

Define Supination and Pronation:

Back 50

-Supination: turning hand backward (soup)

-Pronation: turning hand forward

Front 51

What are the special movements of the foot?

Back 51

Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion, Inversion, and Eversion

Front 52

Define Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion, Inversion, and Eversion:

Back 52

-Dorsiflexion: upward movement

-Plantar flexion: downward movement

-Inversion: turn sole medially

-Eversion: turn sole laterally

Front 53

What are the special movements in a transverse plane?

Back 53

Protraction and Retraction

Front 54

Define Protraction and Retraction:

Back 54

-Protraction: anterior movement

-Retraction: posterior movement

Front 55

What are the other special movements that are mentioned in the notes?

Back 55

Elevation, Depression, and Opposition of the thumb

Front 56

Define Elevation, Depression and Opposition of the thumb:

Back 56

-Elevation: lifting a body part superiorly

-Depression: moving a body part inferiorly

-Opposition of the thumb: movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers.

Front 57

What are the 6 types of Synovial Joints based on shape of articular surfaces?

Back 57

1. Plane

2. Hinge

3. Pivot

4. Condyloid

5. Saddle

6. Ball and socket

Front 58

What are plane joints?

Back 58

-Nonaxial joints

-Flat articular surfaces

-Short gliding movements

Front 59

Whar are hinge joints?

Back 59

-Uniaxial joints

-Motion along a single plane

-Flexion and extension only

Front 60

What are pivot joints?

Back 60

-Rounded end of one bone conforms to a "sleeve," or ring of another bone

-Uniaxial movement only

Front 61

What are Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints?

Back 61

-Biaxial joints

-Both articular surfaces are oval

-Permit all angular movements

Front 62

What are saddle joints?

Back 62

-Biaxial

-Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints

-Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas

Front 63

What are Ball-and-Socket joints?

Back 63

-Multiaxial joints

-The most freely moving synovial joints

Front 64

What is the largest and most complex joint of the body?

Back 64

Knee joint

Front 65

In the knee, what are the three joints that are surrounded by a single joint cavity?

Back 65

1. Femoropatellar joint: Plane joint- allows gliding motion during knee flexion.

2. &3. Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci of the tivia. This allows flexion, extension, and some rotation where knee is partly flexed.

Front 66

Knee joint has at least how many associated bursae?

Back 66

12

Front 67

Capsule is reinforced by _____ ______. And what are examples?

Back 67

Muscle tendons

examples: quadriceps and semimembraneous tendons

Front 68

In the knee joint what is thin and absent anteriorly?

Back 68

Joint capsule

Front 69

Anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to:

Back 69

-Lateral and medial patellar retinacula

-Patellar ligament

Front 70

In the knee joint, what helps prevent hyperextension?

Back 70

Capsular and extracapsular ligaments

Front 71

In the knee joint what are intracapsular ligaments?

Back 71

-Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

-Prevent anterior-posterior displacement

-Reside outside the synovial cavity

Front 72

The shoulder joint (Glenohumeral) has what joint in it?

Back 72

Ball-and-Socket joint

Front 73

In the shoulder joint, what is the Ball-and-Socket joint?

Back 73

-Head of humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula

-Stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement

Front 74

What are the shoulder joint's reinforcing ligaments?

Back 74

Coracohumeral ligament and the Three glenohumeral ligaments.

Front 75

Define the Corachohumeral ligament and the Three glenohumeral ligaments:

Back 75

-Coracohumeral ligament: helps support the weight of the upper limb

-Three glenohumeral ligaments: somewhat weak anterior reinforcements

Front 76

What are the reinforcing muscle tendons of the shoulder joint?

Back 76

-Tendon of the long head of biceps

and

-Four rotator coff tendons encircle the shoulder joint

Front 77

In the shoulder joint what is the tendon of the long head of biceps?

Back 77

-It travels through the intertubular groove

-Secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity

Front 78

What are the four rotator cuff tendons that encircle the shoulder joint?

Back 78

1. Subscapularis

2. Supraspinatus

3. Infraspinatus

4. Teres minor

Front 79

In the elbow joint radius and ulna articulate with the?

Back 79

Humerus

Front 80

In the elbow joint what is formed mainly by trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus?

Back 80

Hinge joint

Front 81

In the elbow joint, what angular movements does it have?

Back 81

Flexion and extension only

Front 82

In the Elbow joint anular ligament does?

Back 82

Surrounds head of radius

Front 83

In the elbow joint what are the two capsular ligaments that restrict side-to-side movement?

Back 83

Ulnar collateral ligament and Radial collateral ligament

Front 84

The hip (coxal) joint has what joint?

Back 84

Ball-and-socket joint

Front 85

In the hip (coxal) joint the head of the femur articulates with what?

Back 85

The acetabulum

Front 86

Hip (coxal) joint has a ______ range of motion, but is limited by what?

Back 86

Good range of motion, but is limited by the deep socket

Front 87

In the hip (coxal) joint the acetabular labrum does what?

Back 87

Enhances depth of the socket

Front 88

What are the hip joint's reinforcing ligaments?

Back 88

1. Iliofemoral ligament

2. Pubofemoral ligament

3. Ischiofemoral ligament

4. Ligamentum teres

Front 89

In the Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) what articulates with the temporal bone?

Back 89

Mandibular condyle

Front 90

In the temporomandibular joint what are the two types of movement?

Back 90

HInge and Gliding

Front 91

Define the movements hinge and gliding in the (TMJ):

Back 91

-Hinge: depression and elevation of mandible

-Gliding: ex~side-to-side (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth

Front 92

What is the most easily dislocated joint in the body?

Back 92

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

Front 93

What are the 4 common joint injuries?

Back 93

Sprains, Cartilage tears, dislocations(Luxations), and subluxations

Front 94

Test question**** what is partial dislocation of a joint?

Back 94

Subluxation

Front 95

Dislocations occur when:

Back 95

bones are forced out of alignment

Front 96

Sprains are caused by

Back 96

ligaments that are stretched or torn

Front 97

In cartilage tears, cartilage ______ repairs itself.

Back 97

rarely

Front 98

In cartilage tears it is caused by?

Back 98

compression and shear stress

Front 99

In cartilage tears fragments may cause?

Back 99

jont to lock or bind

Front 100

Cartilage tears are repaired with?

Back 100

Arthroscopic surgery

Front 101

In sprains partial tears _____ repair themselves.

Back 101

slowly

Front 102

Lyme Disease is caused by?

Back 102

bacteria transmitted by the bite of ticks

Front 103

What are lyme disease's symptoms?

Back 103

skin rash, flu-like symptoms, and foggy thinking

Front 104

What may lead to joint pain and arthritis?

Back 104

Lyme disease

Front 105

what can treat lyme disease?

Back 105

antibiotics