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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is communication? and how much time does the average human spend communicating? |
Humans spend roughly 70 percent of their waking hours communicating Its the transfer and understanding of a message between two or more people |
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The communications process model (8 parts) |
1. Sender 2. Encoding 3. The message 4. The channel 5. Decoding 6. The receiver 7. Noise 8. Feedback |
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What is the encoding of a message, and what 3 different forms can a message be? |
The sender initiates a message by encoding a thought
The message is the actual physical product of the senders encoding - when we speak the speech is the message - when we write, writing is the message - when we gesture, the movements of our arms and the expressions our face are the message |
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What is a channel, and what are the two common forms of channels |
The channel is the medium through which the message travels 1. Formal channels: established by the organization and transmit messages related to the professional activities of members. They traditionally follow the authority chain within the organization 2. Informal channels: follow personal or social communication, which are spontaneous and emerge as a response to individual choices. |
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The receiver is tasked with doing what to a message? |
The receiver is the person who receives the message and must translate the symbols into understandable form which is considered DECODING the message. |
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What is noise? And 4 different ways communication can be affected |
Represents communication barriers that distort the clarity of the message, such as perceptual problems, information overload, semantic difficulties, or cultural differences.
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What is feedback? |
is the check on how successful we have been in transferring our messages as originally intended. it determines whether understanding has been achieved
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Why do some people choose one channel over another?
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Could be because of anxiety as 5-20 percent of the population suffer from a debilitating communication apprehension, which means that there use undue tension and anxiety about oran and written communication.
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What is routine Vs. Non-Routine |
Routine messages tend to be straightforward and have a minimum of ambiguity Non routine messages are likely to be complicated and have the potential for misunderstanding Individuals can communicate non routine messages more effectively by selecting rich channel, such as firing someone or leaving notes are better to be done in face to face situations rather then low rich channels. |
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What is channel richness and what does it measure?
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1. Handle multiple cues simultaneously
2. Facilitate rapid feedback 3. Be very personal The higher on the richness they transmit the most information per communication episode, multiple information cues, immediate feedback, ad the personal touch of being present |
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What is Kinesics and Proxemics |
Kinesics (body motions) 1. facial expression 2. Eye contact 3. Intonations (emphasis) Proxemics (Physical space) 1. Physical distance (contact vs non contact) |
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Barriers to effective communication Pt. 1 |
1. Filtering: A sender purposely manipulating information so the receiver will see it more favourable. Anytime there is a status difference, there will be a trace of filtering, especially in organizations 2. Selective Perception: Receivers of the information only selectively hear and see based off their needs, motivations, experience, background, and other personal characteristics. Receivers tend to mix their interests and expectations with the way they decode messages from others. |
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Barriers to effective communicationPt. 2 |
3. Information Overload: individuals only have a finite capacity for processing data, and in todays day in age, we have constant information overload, and once we get too much information we I. Select II. Ignore III. Pass over IV. Forget V. put off until further processing 4. Emotions: You may interpret messages depending on your mood, when individuals are in positive moods, they're more confident about their opinions after reading a persuasive message. Extreme emotion are most likely to hinder effective communication and are most prone to disregard our rational and objective thinking processes. |
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Barriers to effective communicationPt. 3 |
5. language: words mean different things to different people despite speaking the same language. Age and context are two biggest factors that influence such differences. Language is not uniform, and senders tend to incorrectly assume that the words and terms they use mean the same to the receiver as to them 6. Silence: The absence of information, often considered common and problematic, because by not speaking up there is no communication to say report things like harassment. |
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Barriers to effective communicationPt. 4 |
7. Nonverbal communication: Includes body movements, facial expressions and physical distance between the sender and receiver. The two most important messages that body language conveys is: the extent to which an individual likes another and is interested in his views and 2. the relative perceived status between a sender and a receiver. due to Proxemics, Latin Americans and Saudies are more open to it then chinks and North Americans 8. Lying: is very common and is considered misrepresentation of information such as deliberately withholding information, meaning that you don't have access to the correct information. |
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What are the 3 forms of communication and describe them |
Downward: When info goes from one group to another group, specifically groups of leaders or managers to assign goals, instructions, and offer feedback to employees. Upward: flows to higher levels in groups, normally used to provide feedback to managers, and help them stay in the loop about how employees feel. lateral: it occurs among members of the same work group, it helps save time and eases coordination, some are formally sanctioned while others are informally created. |
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What are the negative consequences of each 3. |
DC: 2 issues with DC, is that 40% percent of lowers, believe the upper ups are telling the truth, and its more of a one way street of managers telling employees what to do UC: it overwhelms managers and keeps them even more busy, and managers could promote discouragement of employees bringing those issues up Lateral: It can be good or bad, as there is a lot of free movement, and employees can go around the managers back |
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(Formal networks) What are the 3 common small groups of five people each: |
NOTE: the effectiveness of each network depends on the dependent variable that concerns you. and no single network is the overall best Chain: Rigidly follows the formal chain of command, that is the standard multi level groups Wheel: Relies on the leader to act as a centre conduit for all group communication, helps stimulate the team if you have a great leader, but its also very stressful for them All channel: Permits group members to actively communicate with each other, its often most seen as self managed teams where everyone communicates and theres no one leader. |
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Which one is the fastest, most reliable, accurate, and highest member satisfaction? |
Wheel and channel are the fastest Wheel is more reliable then channel Chain and wheel is the most accurate Channel leads to the highest satisfaction. |
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What is the most common informal communication network? And 3 negative traits |
The grapevine: which info is passed through word of mouth, between peers, and it could be important info but can also be not accurate it consists of:
A. not being controlled by management B. Most employees perceive it as more believable and reliable than formal letters by upper management C. Its largely used to serve the interests of the people within it. |
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How accurate is this informal communication network and what are some advantages? |
75% of grapevine information is considered accurate and rumours will continue until the wants and expectations creating the uncertainty underlying the rumour are filled or until the anxiety is reduced Can be an effective tool for managers because they can hear if positive or negative word is going through the company, plus it helps bring bonds together at work, rumours cannot be eliminated but they can reduce negative forms of gossip by being more transparent and explaining reasoning. |
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What functions does gossip serve and what are their negatives |
1. Information 2. Social control/influence 3. Entertainment Downsides: 1. Creating in and out groups 2. Can be hurtful |
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What are different types of electronic communications |
Email: quick and wide to reach, but vulnerable to misinterpretation and not good for sending sensitive information Instant messaging: quick but intrusive, not cryptic, and distracting Social media: People connector but also distractor. |
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What are the 4 cultural barriers to communication |
1. Barriers caused by semantics: words mean different things to different people, especially through cultures, and there are also words that do not translate to other languages 2. Barriers caused by word connotations: words that imply different things in different languages, as in Hai in Japanese means "yes I'm listening" and not Yes, I agree. 3. Barriers caused by tone differences: different tones in different cultures mean that some are more formal others arent sometimes the tone changes depending on the social situation 4. Differences in tolerance for conflict and methods of resolving conflict: some cultures are more individualistic therefore conflict is more comfortable and rises more often, but more collectivist societies tend to acknowledge the ideas of others and apologize for any hurt feelings. |
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What are the 2 types of cultural contexts, and list examples and definitions |
cultures tend to differ in the degree to which context influences the meaning individuals take from communication. High context cultures: China, Korea, Japan rely heavily on non verbal and subtle situation cues when communicating with others. what is NOT SAID can carry more weight than what IS said. Strong social bonds, avoidance of direct confrontation, communication builds connections. Low context culture: NA and Europe rely essentially on spoken and written words to convey meaning, body language or titles are secondary. high individualism, comfortable with open confrontation, little social hierarchy. Communication in high context cultures implies considerably more trust by both parties. |
