Chapter 6 Causal Designs Research Methods

Front 1

Which of the following statements about the scientific notion of causality and the common sense notion of causality is true?

Back 1

The common sense notion implies a completely deterministic relationship while the scientic notion implies a probabilistic relationship.

Front 2

The scientific and common sense notions of causality differ in the following way:

Back 2

E. all of the above are differences.

-that a researcher can discover a single cause of an event. implies a completely deterministic relationship between a cause and an effect. Implies that a researcher can always infer, but never prove that a relationsip exists.

Front 3

Which of the following is FALSE?

Back 3

The scientific notion of causality rests upon the belief that we can only prove that X (the cause) leads to Y (the effect) in an experiment

Front 4

The major kind of evidence regarding causality that can be supplied through a descriptive research design is

Back 4

concomitant variation

Front 5

Which of the following statements concerning causation and association is true?

Back 5

causation requires association

Front 6

It is true that when using concomitant variation as evidence of a causal relationship between two variables

Back 6

there may be no causal relationship between variables even though there is initial evidence of concomitant variation

Front 7

Which of the following is TRUE of concomitant variation?

Back 7

Concomitant variation is a measure of the extent to which two variables vary together.

Front 8

Which of the following is TRUE?

Back 8

A causal factor must occur before the effect or event it causes.

Front 9

When using the time order of occurrence of variables as evidence of a causal relationship between two variables

Back 9

It is possible for each term in the relationship to be both a "cause" and an effect of the other term

Front 10

Which of the following does not affect consumer's responses to test products?

Back 10

E. All of the above will affect consumer responses.

- knowledge of the products manufacturer, the use of brand names on the product. the use of letters A,M, Z on three products.

Front 11

In a controlled experiment

Back 11

only replication will increase our confidence in the resulting conclusions.

Front 12

which of the following is TRUE of experiments?

Back 12

E. B and D are true.

- in marking, ecperimental treatments are generally elements of the marketing mix, whereas test units are the entities that serve as objects for a firm's marketing efforts.

- An experimental design is a research design in which the investigator has direct control over at least one independent variable and manipulates at least one independent variable.

Front 13

An experimental design

Back 13

is one in which the investigator has direct control over at least one independent variable.

Front 14

When conducting ex post facto research, the investigator first

Back 14

observes the criterion variable.

Front 15

The two types of experiments that can be distinguished are

Back 15

laboratory and field

Front 16

Laboratory experiments are primarily distinguished from field experiments by

Back 16

Their environments

Front 17

Which of the following is FALSE?

Back 17

E. they are all true

- A laboratory experiment is conducted under artificial conditions while manipulating some marketing variables and controlling others.

- A field experiment is conducted in a natural or realistic setting in which one or more independent variables are manipulated by the experimenter under as carefully controlled conditions as the situation will permit.

- Laboratory experiments are distinguished from field experiments primarily in terms of the degree of control over the variables. e.g. price, being manipulated.

Front 18

The type of study design that affords the researcher the most control is

Back 18

a laboratory experiment

Front 19

A laboratory experiment

Back 19

E. All of the above.

- is more internally valid than a field experiment.

- affords the researcher greater control

- better eliminates confounding factors.

Front 20

When referring to the question of whether the experimental stimulus made some differences in the specific instance under investigation, one is referring to

Back 20

internal validity

Front 21

Which of the following is TRUE?

Back 21

External validity deals with the problem of projecting one's results from the experimental setting to the real world.

Front 22

When a researcher tries to ensure that the changes observed in the effect variable are reproducible in other situations, the researcher is attempting to enhance the experiment's

Back 22

construct validity

Front 23

In regard to internal and external validity

Back 23

they are matters of degree rather than all-or-nothing proportions

Front 24

Which of the following is TRUE?

Back 24

A study lacking external validity may nevertheless have high internal validity

Front 25

Select the question that can be answered through experimentation

Back 25

Will one brand name produce higher level-of-satisfaction reports than another brand name?

Front 26

According to the terminology of an experimental design,

Back 26

D. A and C.

- O refers to the observation of the test units

- O, X, O2 indicates that one or more test units were exposed to an experimental

Front 27

Which of the following statements is true?

Back 27

history primarily jeopardizes the internal validity of marketing experiments

Front 28

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the extraneous variable, history?

Back 28

D. A and C.

- ITs effects on a research conclusion are often subtle

-it refers to events external to the experiment which occurred before or during the experiment.

Front 29

Maturation

Back 29

refers to the processes operating within the test units as a function of time per se.

Front 30

Which of the following is not an example of the testing effect?

Back 30

students take a test and score 84; two weeks later they take a different test and score 90

Front 31

history effects

Back 31

primarily jeopardize the internal validity of a marketing experiment

Front 32

Which of the following about testing effects is FALSE?

Back 32

as long as there is a before measurement, there can be no testing effect.

Front 33

Which of the following is TRUE?

Back 33

when it is not possible to go back after an experiment and determine if the experimental and control groups were equal before the fact, selection bias may be present in the experiment.

Front 34

Students taking an achievement test for the second time usually do better than those taking the test for the first time. This is an example of the

Back 34

Main testing effect

Front 35

The fact that a person, as a member of a consumer panel that reports purchasing behavior, may change his or her REPORTED purchasing behavior but no his or her ACTUAL behavior is an example of the

Back 35

main testing effect.

Front 36

Which of the following is TRUE of testing effects?

Back 36

E. They are all false

-Mortality effects refer to the deaths of subjects during hazadous experiments using electronic devices

- maturation effects can only be measured in test units composed of people.

- experiments lasting more than two hours are likely to suffer from history effects.

Front 37

The condition that occurs when a prior measurement affects the test units response to the experimental variable is the

Back 37

interactive testing effect

Front 38

The extraneous variable, instrument variation

Back 38

does not occur if a minor modification is made, such as a slight change in the wording of a specific question so as to make it more understandable without changing its meaning

Front 39

The tendency of extreme cases of the phenomenon to deviate toward a more central position during the course of an experiment refers to

Back 39

statistical regression

Front 40

A researcher investigating the impact of television advertising on consumer attitudes toward Brand X compared the attitudes of a smaple of respondents who did not watch the ABC Sunday night movie (one of the sponsors of which was BRand X) against those who did. this is an example of

Back 40

selection bias

Front 41

if there is no way of certifying that groups of test units were equivalent at some prior time, this is said to be evidence of

Back 41

selection bias

Front 42

what are the two main ways in which the prior equality of comparison groups is established?

Back 42

matching and randomization

Front 43

if there are two groups at issue, an experimental and a control group, and the experimenter considers two test units as a pair by means of some external criterion before assigning one unit randomly from each pair to each group, he is said to be using

Back 43

matching

Front 44

In general, matching is the preferred procedure in assuring the prior equality of comparison groups in an experiment because

Back 44

matching is not preferred

Front 45

If a subject forgets to show up the second observation time period, the research project has experienced

Back 45

experimental mortality

Front 46

The most acute problem with extraneous sources of variation is that

Back 46

we do not know whether or not they have operated

Front 47

The three common types of experimental designs are

Back 47

Quasi-experimental; true experimental; pre-experimental

Front 48

which of the following is TRUE?

Back 48

They are all false