Chapter 5 Review

Front 1

Developmental psychology

Back 1

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Front 2

Body organs first begin to form and function during the period of the ___________; within 6 months, during the period of the ___________, the organs are sufficiently functional to allow a chance of survival.
(a) zygote; embryo
(b) zygote; fetus
(c) embryo; fetus
(d) placenta; fetus

Back 2

(c) embryo, fetus

Front 3

Stroke a newborn's cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustrates
(a) a reflex
(b) nurture
(c) differentiation
(d) continuity

Back 3

(a) a reflex

Front 4

Maturation

Back 4

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Front 5

Cognition

Back 5

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Front 6

Schema

Back 6

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Front 7

Assimilation

Back 7

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Front 8

Accommodation

Back 8

Adapting our current understands (schemas) to incorporate new information

Front 9

Birth to nearly 2 years

Back 9

Sensorimotor
Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping)

Front 10

2 to about 6 or 7 years

Back 10

Preoperational
Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning

Front 11

About 7 to 11 years

Back 11

Concrete Operational
Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

Front 12

About 12 through adulthood

Back 12

Formal Operational
Abstract reasoning

Front 13

Sensorimotor stage

Back 13

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Front 14

Object permanence

Back 14

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Front 15

Preoperational stage

Back 15

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Front 16

Conservation

Back 16

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Front 17

Egocentrism

Back 17

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.

Front 18

Theory of mind

Back 18

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states--about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Front 19

Concrete operational stage

Back 19

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Front 20

Formal operational stage

Back 20

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Front 21

Maturation, the orderly sequence of biological growth, explains why
(a) children with autism have difficulty inferring others' thoughts and feelings
(b) most children have begun walking by about 12 months
(c) early experiences have no effect on brain tissue
(d) object permanence is present at birth

Back 21

(b) most children have begun walking by about 12 months

Front 22

Which of the following is true of motor-skill development
(a) It is determined solely by genetic factors
(b) The sequence, but not the timing, is universal
(c) the timing, but not the sequence, is universal
(d) It is determined solely by environmental factors

Back 22

(b) The sequence, but not the timing, is universal

Front 23

During the preoperational stage, a young child's thinking is
(a) abstract
(b) negative
(c) conservative
(d) egocentric

Back 23

(d) egocentric

Front 24

Children acquire the mental operations necessary to understand conversation during the
(a) sensorimotor
(b) preoperational stage
(c) concrete operational stage
(d) formal operational stage

Back 24

(c) concrete operational stage

Front 25

stranger anxiety

Back 25

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Front 26

Attachment

Back 26

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Front 27

Critical period

Back 27

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Front 28

Imprinting

Back 28

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very eraly in life.

Front 29

Basic Trust

Back 29

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Front 30

Authoritarian

Back 30

parents impose rules and expect obedience (like dictatorship, no exceptions, must follow rules)

Front 31

Permissive

Back 31

parents submit to their children's desires. Little punishment and few demands.

Front 32

Authoritative

Back 32

Parents are both demanding and responsive. Rules are set and enforced but also explain reasons to rules. Open discussion and exceptions to rules can be made.

Front 33

Faced with a new babysitter, an 8-month-old infant often shows distress, a behavior referred to as
(a) conservation
(b) stranger anxiety
(c) imprinting
(d) maturation

Back 33

(b) stranger anxiety

Front 34

From the very first weeks of life, infants differ in their characteristic emotional reactions, with some infants being intense and anxious, while others are easygoing and relaxed. These differences are usually explained as differences in
(a) attachment
(b) imprinting
(c) temperament
(d) parental responsiveness

Back 34

(c) temperament

Front 35

Adolescence

Back 35

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Front 36

Puberty

Back 36

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Front 37

Primary sex characteristics

Back 37

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

Front 38

Secondary sex characteristics

Back 38

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Front 39

Menarche [meh-NAR-key]

Back 39

the first menstrual period.

Front 40

Identity

Back 40

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Front 41

Social identity

Back 41

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.

Front 42

Intimacy

Back 42

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Front 43

Emerging adulthood

Back 43

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

Front 44

Adolescence is marked by the onset of
(a) an identity crisis
(b) puberty
(c) separation anxiety
(d) parent-child conflict

Back 44

(b) puberty

Front 45

Primary sex characteristics relate to ______________; secondary sex characteristics refer to _____________.
(a) ejaculation; menarche
(b) breasts and facial hair; ovaries and testes
(c) emotional maturity; hormone surges
(d) reproductive organs; nonreproductive traits

Back 45

(d) reproductive organs; nonreproductive traits

Front 46

Menopause

Back 46

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes of a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

Front 47

Crystallized intelligence

Back 47

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tend to increase with age.

Front 48

Fluid intelligence

Back 48

our ability to reason speedily an abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Front 49

Social clock

Back 49

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement