Chapter 45 Organismal And Ecological Biology

Front 1

What are Pathogens?

Back 1

disease causing organisms

Front 2

What are some examples of Pathogens?

Back 2

Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Worms

Front 3

What are the two types of immune response?

Back 3

1. Non-specific immune Response (innate immunity)

2. Specific immune Response (adaptive immunity)

Front 4

What is the non-specific immune response?

Back 4

1. immediate, general protection against pathogens

2. Includes:

~ physical barriers that prevent pathogen entry cells and destroy pathogens

~ molecules that initiate and carry out inflammation

Front 5

What are the 6 types of first line of defense in the innate immune system?

Back 5

1. tears

2. saliva

3. skin

4. stomach acid

5. mucus

6. "good" gut bacteria

Front 6

What is specific immune response?

Back 6

1. Develop in response to an infection

2. Adapt to specific pathogens

3. Takes a while to establish and becomes extremely effective

4. Have immunological memory

5. Can be cell-mediated or antibody-mediated

Front 7

What is cell-mediated?

Back 7

Where there is no antibody

Front 8

What is an antigen?

Back 8

A molecule that cells of the immune system recognize as foreign

Front 9

What are some antigen presenting cells?

Back 9

1. Macrophages

2. Dendritic cells

3. B cells

Front 10

What are some cells that are involved in cell mediated immunity?

Back 10

T cells

Front 11

What cells are involved in anti-body mediated immunity?

Back 11

B cells

Front 12

What is the role of the cytotoxic T cells

Back 12

releases cytotoxin to blow up the pathogen

Front 13

what is the role of the T helper cells

Back 13

To learn and train other cells

Front 14

What is the role of plasma cells?

Back 14

They make antibodies!!

Front 15

What is phagocytosis?

Back 15

is the process by which cells engulf microorganisms

Front 16

What is cytokines?

Back 16

are proteins or peptides that serve as signaling molecules and perform regulatory functions

Front 17

What is chemokines?

Back 17

are signaling molecules that attract and activate other cells of the immune system

Front 18

What are complement proteins?

Back 18

enhance inflammation and promote the destruction of pathogens though:

1. opsonization

2. chemotaxis

3. cell lysis

4. clumping of antigen-bearing agent

Front 19

What is opsonization?

Back 19

enhancing phagocytosis of antigens

Front 20

What is chemotaxis?

Back 20

attracting macrophages and neutrophils

Front 21

What is cell lysis?

Back 21

rupturing membranes of foreign cells

Front 22

What is inflammation?

Back 22

1. How the body responds to an injury or infection

2. Acts to repair tissue or overcome infection

3. begins as a local response, but can result in fever

Front 23

What are the three major processes in inflammation?

Back 23

1. Vasodilation

2. Increased capillary permeability

3. Increased phagocytosis

Front 24

What is Vasodilation?

Back 24

Cells release histamine to dilate blood vessels. Increased blood flow warms and reddens skin. Also brings immune cells to the site of injury or infection

Front 25

What is increased capillary permeability?

Back 25

Histamine also causes vessels to become more "leaky." Fluid and cells leave the blood and enter the tissue. This accumulation of fluid in the tissue is called edema and causes swelling.

Front 26

What is Increased phagocytosis?

Back 26

need to get rid of pathogens or clear dead cells

Front 27

What are the steps in Inflammatory response?

Back 27

1. Bacteria invade tissue. Injury activates clotting factors in blood. THese factors turn on pathways that produce molecules that dilate blood vessels and increase permeability

2. Activated macrophages and neutrophils phagocytose bacteria. Macrophages secrete cytokines

3. Activated mast cells release histamine and other compounds

Front 28

What are the steps in inflammatory response (continued)?

Back 28

4. Histamine and cytokines dilate blood vessels and increase capillary permeability

5. Cytokines attract phagocytes to the infection site

6. Increased phagocytosis

Front 29

What do T cells do?

Back 29

1. they are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

2. Include T cytotoxic cells and T helper cells

3. Memory T cells remain in the body and will recognize pathogens should they return

Front 30

What do B cells do?

Back 30

1. responsible for antibody-mediated immunity

2. Memory B cells stick around to produce more antibodies

Front 31

What happens during Antigen Presentation?

Back 31

1. Activated phagocytes engulf pathogens and break them down.

2. Foreign antigens are then displayed at the surface of the antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

3. T and B cells bind to and become activated by APCs.

Front 32

What are Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Back 32

1. Immune responses depend on a group of genes that encode MHC proteins

Front 33

What class of MHC genes does self-recognition?

Back 33

Class I

Front 34

What calss of MHC genes are APC-Identification?

Back 34

Class II

Front 35

Steps in Cell-Mediated Immunity?

Back 35

1. APCs present antigen to and activate T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells

2. Both T cells undergo clonal expansion (form copies)

3. T helper and T cytotoxic cells coordinate an attack on infected cells to get rid of foreign invaders

Front 36

What are the steps in Antibody Mediated Immunity?

Back 36

1. The B cell finds an antigen which matches its receptors

2. It waits until it is activated by the helper T cell

3. Then the B cell divides to produce plasma and memory cells

4. Plasma cells produce antibodies that attach to the current type of invader

5. Eater cells prefer intruders marked with antibodies and eat loads of them.

6. If the same intruder invades again memory cells help the immune system to activate much faster

Front 37

What is Antigen-Antibody Complex?

Back 37

1. An antibody combines with a specific antigen to form an antigen-antibody complex

(may inactivate the pathogens)

(stimulate phagocytosis)

(Activate the complement system)

Front 38

What is Long-Term immunity?

Back 38

1. Immunological memory

(memory B and memory T cells remain in the body after an infection)

(Should a pathogen return, they will immediately destroy that pathogen)

Front 39

What is primary immune response?

Back 39

1. Stimulated by the first exposure to an antigen

Front 40

What is secondary immune response?

Back 40

1. Stimulated by a second exposure to the same antigen

2. More rapid and more intense than the primary response

Front 41

What is Active Immunity?

Back 41

1. Develops as a result of exposure to antigens

2. May occur naturally after recovery from a disease

3. May be artificially induced by immunization with a vaccine

Front 42

What is passive immunity?

Back 42

1. Temporary condition (borrowed immunity)

2. Develops when an individual receives antibodies produced by another person or animal

Front 43

What is Autoimmunity?

Back 43

1. When your immune system attacks self-tissue

2. when there is a failure in self tolerance or the ability to recognize one's own cells diseases such as MS and rheumatoid arthritis