Chapter 3: Verbal Communication

Front 1

Language

Back 1

A body of symbols and the systems for their use in messages that are common to people of the same speech community

Front 2

Speech community

Back 2

A group of people who speak the same language (also called a language community)

Front 3

Words

Back 3

Symbols used by a a speech community to represent objects, ideas, and feelings

Front 4

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Back 4

a theory claiming that language influences perception

Front 5

Uses of Language

Back 5

-To designate, label, define, and limit
-To evaluate
-To discuss things outside our immediate experience
-To talk about language

Front 6

The relationship between language and meaning is not simple because:

Back 6

-The meaning of words is in people, not the words themselves
-Words have two levels of meaning
-Meaning depends on syntactic context
-Language changes over time

Front 7

Words have two levels of meaning:

Back 7

-Denotation
-Connotation

Front 8

Denotation

Back 8

The direct, explicit meaning a speech community formally gives a word

Front 9

Connotation

Back 9

The feelings or evaluations we associate with a word

Front 10

Syntatic context

Back 10

The position of a word in a sentence and the other words around it

Front 11

Cultural Differences

Back 11

Low-context culture
High-context culture

Front 12

Gender differences:
Feminine sytles of language
Masculine styles of language

Back 12

Feminine styles of language: Use words of empathy and support, emphasize concrete and personal language, and show politeness and tentativeness in speaking
Masculine styles of language:
Use words of status and problem solving, emphasize abstract and general language, and show assertiveness and control in speaking

Front 13

Low-context cultures

Back 13

Cultures in which messages are direct, specific, and detailed

Front 14

High-context culture

Back 14

Cultures in which messages are indirect, general, and ambiguous.

Front 15

Improving Verbal Skills

Back 15

Choose specific language
Develop verbal vividness
Develop verbal emphasis
Provide details and examples
Date information
Index generalizations

Front 16

Choose specific language

Back 16

-Specific words
-Concrete words
-Precise words

Front 17

Specific words

Back 17

Words that clarify meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular item or group within that category

Front 18

Concrete words

Back 18

Words that appeal to the senses and help use see, hear, smell, taste, or touch.

Front 19

Precise words

Back 19

Words that narrow a larger category to a smaller group within that category.

Front 20

Develop verbal vividness

Back 20

Similes
Metaphors
Common vivid words

Front 21

Simile

Back 21

A direct comparison of dissimilar things

Front 22

Vivid wording

Back 22

wording that is full of life, vigorous, bright, and intense

Front 23

Metaphor

Back 23

A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between obejects being compared.

Front 24

Develop verbal emphasis

Back 24

Proportion
Repetition
Transitions

Front 25

Emphasis

Back 25

The importance given to certain words or ideas

Front 26

Speak Appropraitely

Back 26

Adapt your vocabulary to the listener
Use jargon sparingly
Use slang in appropriate situations
Demonstrate linguistic sensitivity

Front 27

Demonstrate linguistic sensitivity:

Back 27

-Generic language
-Nonparallel language
-Marking
-Emphasizing an irrelevant relationship

Front 28

Jargon

Back 28

Technical terms whose meanings are understood only by select groups

Front 29

Linguistic sensitivity

Back 29

Language choices that demonstrate respect to the listener(s)

Front 30

Speak Appropriatly

Back 30

Adapt your vocabulary to the listener
Use jargon sparingly
Use slang in appropriate situations
Demonstrate linguistic sensitivity

Front 31

Demonstrate linguistic sensitivity:

Back 31

-Generic language
-Nonparallel language
-Marking
-Emphasizing an irrelevant relationship

Front 32

Jargon

Back 32

Technical terms whose meanings are understood only by select groups

Front 33

Linguistic sensitivity

Back 33

Language choices that demonstrate respect for listener(s)

Front 34

Slang

Back 34

Informal vocabulary used by particular groups in society

Front 35

Generic language

Back 35

Using words that may apply only to one sex, race, or other groups as though they represent everyone

Front 36

Use linguistic sensitivity
(from the book)

Back 36

-Adapt your vocabulary to the level of your listener
-Use jargon sparingly
-Use slang appropriate to the listeners and to the situation
-Use inclusive language
-Use non offensive language