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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Occlusion of the left anterior descending artery during a myocardial infarction would interrupt blood supply to the: |
Left and right ventricles and much of the interventricular septum |
a. Leftand right ventricles and much of the interventricular septum b. Left atrium and the lateral wall of the left ventricle c. Upper right ventricle, right marginal branch, and rightventricle to the apex d. Posterior interventricular sulcus and smaller branches ofboth ventricles.F{ |
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Occlusion of the circumflex artery during a myocardial infarction would interrupt blood supply to the: |
Left atrium and the lateral wall of the left ventricle |
a. Left and right ventricles and much of theinterventricular septum b. Posterior interventricular sulcus and smaller branches ofboth ventricles c. Upper right ventricle, right marginal branch, and rightventricle to the apex d. Leftatrium and the lateral wall of the left ventricle.F{ |
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What period follows depolarization of the myocardium and represents a period during which no new cardiac potential can be propagated? |
Refractory |
a. Refractory b. Hyperpolarization c. Threshold d. Venricular acviation. |
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Which complex (wave) represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarizations? |
QRS |
a. PRS b. QRS c. QT interval d. P |
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What can shorten the conduction time of action potential through the atrioventricular (AV) node? |
Catecholamines |
a. Parasympathetic nervous system b.Catecholamines c. Vagal stimulation d. Acetylcholine |
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What is the effect of epinephrine on Beta-3 receptors on the heart? |
Prevents overstimulation of the heart by the sympathetic nervous system |
a. Decreases coronary blood flow b.Prevents overstimulation of the heart by the sympathetic nervous system c. Supplements the effects of both Beta-1 and Beta-2receptors d. Increases the strength of myocardial contraction. |
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Where are the receptors for neurotransmitters located in the heart? |
Myocardium and coronary vessels |
a. Semilunar and atrioventricular valves b. Endocardium and sinoatrial node c.Myocardium and coronary vessels d. Epicardium and atrioventricular nodeghliF{Aw |
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As stated in the Frank-Starling law, a direct relationship exists between the ____ of the blood in the heart at the end of diastole and the ____ of contraction during the next systole |
Volume; strength |
a. Pressure; force b. Viscosity; force c. Viscosity; strength d.Volume; strength |
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Reflex control of total cardiac output and peripheral resistance is controlled by: |
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart, arterioles, and veins |
a. Parasympathetic stimulation of the veins b. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart, arterioles, and veins c. Autonomic control of the heart only d. Somatic control of the heart, arterioles, and veins. |
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What factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension? |
Angiotensin II |
a. Increased norepinephrine b. Adducin c.Angiotensin II d. Insulin resistance |
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What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension? |
Ischemia of the tubule |
a. Compression of the renal tubules b.Ischemia of the tubule c. Increased pressure from within the tubule d. Obstruction of the renal tubule |
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Which substance is manufactured by the liver and primarily contains cholesterol and protein? |
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) |
a. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b.Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) c. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) d. Triglycerides (TGs) |
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Which elevated value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis and participate in endothelial repair and reduced thrombosis? |
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
a. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) c.High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) d. Triglycerides (TGs) |
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An individual who is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin-I, CK-MB, and LDH is exhibiting indicators associated with: |
Myocardial infarction (MI) |
a. myocardial ischemia b. hypertension c.myocardial infarction (MI) d. coronary artery disease. |
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What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium? |
ST elevation (STEMI) |
a. Prolonged QT interva b. STelevation (STEMI c. Delta Waves d. Non-ST elevation (non-STEMI) |
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The hallmark of which form of cardiomyopathy is a disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum? |
Hypertrophic |
a. Dystrophic b.Hypertrophic c. Restrictive d. Dilated |
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When does systemic vascular resistance in infants begin to increase? |
Once the placenta is removed from circulation |
a. One month before birth b. During the beginning stage of labor c. One hour after birth d. Oncethe placenta is removed from circulation |
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Most cardiovascular developments occur between which weeks of gestation? |
Between the fourth and seventh weeks of gestation |
a. By the twenty-eighth day of gestation b.Between the fourth and seventh weeks of gestation c. Between the eighth and tenth weeks of gestation d. Between the twelfth and fourteenth weeks of gestation |
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The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur? |
right-to-left blood shunting |
a.right-to-left blood shunting b. left-to-right blood shunting c. blood to flow from the umbilical cord d. blood to flow to the lungs |
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Older children with an unrepaired cardiac septal defect experience cyanosis because of which factor? |
Left-to-right shunts |
a. Right-to-left shunts b. Left-to-right shunts c. Obstructive lesions d. Mixed lesions |
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Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Down syndrome? |
Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus |
a. Coarctation of the aorta and pulmonary stenosis b. Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus c. Atrial septal defect and dextrocardia d.Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus |
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Which heart defect produces a systolic ejection murmur at the right upper sternal border that transmits to the neck and left lower sternal border? |
Aortic stenosis |
a. Coarctation of the aorta b. Pulmonic stenosis c.Aortic stenosis d. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
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An infant has a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur located between the second and third intercostal spaces along the left sternal border. A wide fixed splitting of the second heart sound is also found. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? |
Atrial septal defect (ASD) |
a.Atrial septal defect (ASD) b. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) c. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) d. Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect |
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What is the final outcome of impaired cellular metabolism? |
Buildup of cellular waste products |
a. cellular alterations in the heart and brain b.Buildup of cellular waste products c. cellular alterations in the vasculature structures andkidneys d. impairment of urine excretion./body>F{z| |
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What type of shock develops as a result of the overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system or the understimulation of the sympathetic nervous system? |
Vasogenic |
a. Septic b. Cardiogenic c. Anaphylactic d.Vasogenic |
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Which form of shock is often more severe than other forms because of its sudden, rapid systemic vasodilation? |
Anaphylactic |
a. Septic b. Hypovolemic c.Anaphylactic d. Neurogenic |
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What type of shock is related to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance? |
Septic |
a.Septic b. Cardiogenic c. Hypovolemic d. Heart failure |
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For which type of shock would antihistamines and corticosteroids be prescribed? |
Anaphylactic |
a. Septic b.Anaphylactic c. Hypovolemic d. Cardiogenic |
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Which condition is best defined as a clinical syndrome involving a systemic response to infection, which is manifested by two or more of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria? |
Sepsis |
a. Bacteremia b. Sepsis c. Severe sepsis d. Septic shock |
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The fluid most often used in fluid resuscitation following a major burn injury is: |
Lactated Ringer's |
a. Saline b. Albumin c. Lactated Ringer d. Dextrose in water |
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What is the most common type of shock in children? |
Hypovolemic |
a.Hypovolemic b. Cardiogenic c. Neurogenic d. Septic |
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In cardiogenic shock, what is the cause of hepatomegaly and periorbital edema? |
Low cardiac output, causing a high central venous pressure |
a. Mass vasodilation as a result of chemical mediatorsreleased from the myocardium b. Lowcardiac output, causing a high central venous pressure c. Tissue damage to the myocardium, causing increasedcapillary permeability d. Low perfusion of the kidneys, stimulating therenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system toretain sodium and water |
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As the result of the inability to concentrate urine, children are at risk for dehydration before which age? |
2 |
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 |
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What causes renal failure after electrical burns in children? |
Myoglobin released from damaged muscles |
a. Cytokines released after the damaged tissue b. Immature kidneys unable to compensate for the electricalburn c. Reduction in cardiac output d.Myoglobin released from damaged muscles |
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To determine a child's response to fluid therapy for shock, the clinician should monitor ____ |
Urine output and specific gravity |
a. Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels b.Urine output and specific gravity c. Blood pressure and pulse d. Arterial blood gases and heart rate |
