Chapter 22: Respiratory System

Front 1

Functions of the respiratory system:

Back 1

-Brings in oxygen - main function

-Removes carbon dioxide - main function

-Regulates blood pH

-Receptors for sense of smell

-Filters inspired air

-Produces sounds

-Removes excess water and sweat

-Respiratory pump

Front 2

where does gas exchange occur?

Back 2

lungs

Front 3

what are the structural divisions?

Back 3

-conducting zone structures

-respiratory zone structures

Front 4

carry air in or out (no gas exchange)?

Back 4

conducting zone structures

Front 5

gas exchange occurs?

Back 5

respiratory zone structures

Front 6

conducting zone structures:

Back 6

-nose, nasal cavity, sinuses

-Pharynx

-Larynx

-Trachea

-Bronchi

-Bronchioles - less than 1mm

-Terminal bronchioles

Front 7

respiratory zone structures:

Back 7

-Respiratory bronchioles - have alveoli

-Alveolar ducts

-Alveoli

-Alveoli sacs - cluster of alveoli

Front 8

-Thin - 0.5 - 21 micrometer

-750 square feet surface area (300 million alveoli)

-air blood barrier

Back 8

respiratory membrane

Front 9

structure of the respiratory membrane?

Back 9

-alveolar wall

-capillary wall

-basement membrane

Front 10

simple squamous epithelial, produce ACE?

Back 10

type 1 cell

Front 11

produces surfactant, which reduces surface tension?

Back 11

type 2 cell

Front 12

alveolar walls are made of?

Back 12

-type 1 cell

-type 2 cell

Front 13

the process of supplying the body with O2 and disposing of CO2

Back 13

respiration

Front 14

breathing (inhalation and exhalation)

Back 14

pulmonary ventilation

Front 15

inflow of air from atmosphere to lungs (breathing in)

Back 15

Inhalation/inspiration

Front 16

outflow of air from lungs to atmosphere (breathing out)

Back 16

Exhalation/expiration

Front 17

exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in lungs and blood

Back 17

External respiration

Front 18

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues

Back 18

Internal respiration

Front 19

pressure of the air surrounding the body

Back 19

Atmospheric pressure

Front 20

pressure in the alveoli (varies with breathing)

Back 20

Alveolar pressure

Front 21

pressure in pleural cavities (about 4 mmHg lower than alveolar pressure)

Back 21

Intrapleural pressure

Front 22

what are the pressures affecting pulmonary ventilation?

Back 22

-atmospheric pressure

-alveolar pressure

-intrapleural pressure

Front 23

cohesion of liquid molecules

Back 23

surface tension

Front 24

produced by type II cells which decreases surface tension

Back 24

surfacant

Front 25

the ability of the lungs to be stretched

Back 25

lung compliance

Front 26

the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

Back 26

Boyle’s Law

Front 27

partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the exchange of that gas in the mixture

Back 27

Dalton’s law of partial pressure

Front 28

when there’s a mixture of gases in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in proportion to its partial pressure and solubility

Back 28

Henry’s Law

Front 29

when the pH decreases, more oxygen will be unloaded from hemoglobin

Back 29

Bohr effect

Front 30

deoxyhemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon dioxide

Back 30

Haldane effect

Front 31

volume of 1 breath, (500 ml)

Back 31

Tidal I volume (TV)

Front 32

volume of inhaled and exhaled per minute, TV x resp rate, (500 ml/breath x 12 breaths/min = 6000 ml/min --> resting)

Back 32

Minute ventilation (MV)

Front 33

volume of air remaining in conducting zone structures where gas exchange does not take place (150 ml)

Back 33

Anatomical dead space

Front 34

volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled over and above the tidal volume

Back 34

Inspirational reserve volume (IRV)

Front 35

volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled over and above the tidal volume

Back 35

Expirational reserve volume (ERV)

Front 36

total volume of exchangeable air

Back 36

Vital capacity (VC)

Front 37

total volume of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration (6000 ml)

Back 37

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Front 38

volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration (1200 ml)

Back 38

Residual volume (RV)

Front 39

when lungs are overstretched, lungs receive signal from the medulla to end inspiration

Back 39

Hering-Breuer reflex

Front 40

resting conditions?

Back 40

quiet breathing

Front 41

active process;

-diaphragm contracts

-External intercostals contract

Back 41

Quiet inhalation

Front 42

exertion, controlled breathing

Back 42

Forced Breathing

Front 43

active process;

-Diaphragm

-External intercostals

-Scalenes

-Sternocleidomastoid

-Pectoralis minor

Back 43

Forced inhalation

Front 44

accessory muscles needed for forced inhalation

Back 44

-scalenes

-sternocleidomastoid

-pectoralis minor

Front 45

passive process;

-Diaphragm and external intercostals relax

Back 45

quiet exhalation

Front 46

what are 2 types of quiet breathing?

Back 46

-quiet inhalation

-quiet exhalation

Front 47

passive and active process;

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax - passive

-internal intercostals contract - accessory muscles of forced exhalation

-Abdominal wall muscles contract - accessory muscles of forced exhalation

Back 47

forced exhalation

Front 48

what are 2 types of forced breathing?

Back 48

-forced inhalation

-forced exhalation

Front 49

stretchiness of lung tissue

Back 49

High lung compliance

Front 50

mucous accumulations, narrowing of bronchi and bronchioles (asthma)

Back 50

Low airway resistance (opposition)

Front 51

surfactant reduces surface tension

Back 51

Low surface tension

Front 52

what are the 3 processes of respiration?

Back 52

-pulmonary ventilation

-external respiration

-internal respiration

Front 53

accessory muscles of forced exhalation

Back 53

-internal intercostals contract

-abdominal wall muscles contract

Front 54

Factors affecting external respiration?

Back 54

-Structure of respiratory membrane

-Partial pressure gradients - henry’s law

-Gas solubilities - henry’s law

Front 55

most abundant gas, highest partial pressure

Back 55

N2 (nitrogen)

Front 56

least abundant gas, lowest partial pressure

Back 56

CO2

Front 57

higher water content from atmosphere

Back 57

H2O

Front 58

almost insoluble in water, greatest partial pressure

Back 58

N2

Front 59

very soluble in water, lowest partial pressure

Back 59

CO2

Front 60

slightly soluble in water

Back 60

O2

Front 61

sets the normal pattern of breathing (eupnea)

Back 61

Medullary rhythmicity area

Front 62

speeds up breathing (pons)

Back 62

Pneumotaxic area

Front 63

slows down breathing (pons)

Back 63

Apneustic area

Front 64

prevents over inflation

Back 64

Hering - breuer reflex

Front 65

100% saturated

Back 65

arterial blood

Front 66

75% saturated

Back 66

venous blood

Front 67

causes hyperventilation (acidosis); greatest effect on breathing

Back 67

PCO2