Chapter 22 Respiratory System

Front 1

respiration

Back 1

not simply breathing, is a complex process involving several events

Front 2

events of respiration

Back 2

1. inspiration or inhalation- taking air in

2. exchange of O2 from air in alveoli (lung sac) to the blood to needy cells

3. O2 combines w/ hemoglobin

4. hemoglobin transports O2 to the general area of cells in need (based on bohr effect)

5. O2 is now released into blood plasma

6. plasma will now exit & carry O2 out of blood into interstital spaces

7. O2 will enter cells by diffusion

8. O2 is now utilized by needy cell in aerobic cellular respiration

9. CO2 (waste product of aerobic cellular resp.) will now diffuse into the blood & be carried back to the lungs (alveoli)

10. exchange of CO2 gas from blood to air (by diffusion)

11. expiration (exhalation) breathing out

Front 3

3 different ways CO2 is carried

Back 3

1. 67% will be carried as part of bicarb ion

2. 25% will be carried bound to amino acid chains of hemoglobin

3. in solution not chemically combined

Front 4

chemically ways CO2 is carried

Back 4

1. 67% will be carried as part of bicarb ion

2. 25% will be carried bound to amino acid chains of hemoglobin

Front 5

substances found in inspired air

3 gases

Back 5

O2

CO2

N2

Front 6

substances in (inhaled air)

Back 6

O2 20%

CO2 trace (less than 1%)

N2 79%

Front 7

substances out (exhaled air)

Back 7

O2 15%

CO2 5%

N2 79%

Front 8

N2 in 79%, out 79% -though we need it,

we cant use it, we get nitrogen gas from

Back 8

the food we eat

Front 9

other substances found in inspired air

Back 9

1. dust

2. pollen

3. spores

4. pollutants (gas, solid, or liquid)

Front 10

Nostril aka external nares

Back 10

lined w/ mucus secreting cilated epithelium

*they are fringed w/ course hair

Front 11

nasal mucus

Back 11

swallow ab 1 pint a day- nonspecific defense

Front 12

do to air before it goes down

Back 12

*air has to be hydrated- from blood supply (vascular)

* warm it - blood flow/friction (vascular)

*filter it - mucus, cilia (push mucus up & back) nasal hairs, nasal conchae

Front 13

nasal conchae

Back 13

projections of the ethmoid bone that cause the air stream to become turbulent as it goes down enhancing filtration

Front 14

nasal septum

Back 14

composed of nasal bone & cartilage, it bilaterally separates the 2 nasal cavities

Front 15

deviated septum

Back 15

Sideways displacement of the wall between the nostrils. interferes with all the ways air goes down

Front 16

paranasal sinus

Back 16

air filled spaces found in frontal bone, ethmoid, spinoid, & maxilla

Front 17

purpose ofparanasal sinus

Back 17

lighten the weight of the skull

* involved in the process of phonation

Front 18

phonation

Back 18

voice production

Front 19

sinus headache

Back 19

due to paranasal sinus-adjacent to nasal cavity lined w/ tiny mucus secreting openings..if blocked mucus keeps building within them, pressure building up and results in____

Front 20

pharynx AKA throat

Back 20

1.passage way for food & liquid traveling to esophagus

2. passage way for air into trachea

Front 21

pharynx is divided into 3 regions

Back 21

1. nasopharynx- behind nasal cavities

2. oropharynx - posterior to mouth

3. laryngopharynx - surrounding openings into esophagus & trachea

Front 22

larynx AKA adams apple

Back 22

highly cartilaginous. moves upward when you swallow causing (flap)epiglottis to come down.

*contains vocal cords, involved in voice production

*prevent air from leaving lower respiratory structures bc air volume maintains air pressure

Front 23

epiglottis

Back 23

flap, prevents food & liquid from entering trachea

Front 24

high air pressure

Back 24

vomiting, weight lifting, child birth, and during defecation

Front 25

trachea AKA wind pipe

Back 25

normally remains open

*composed of 20 c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Front 26

c-shaped rings of trachea

Back 26

*are closed at the front. the open end is at the posterior end ( the back)

*found in the opening is a muscle with transverse fibers called the trachealis muscle

Front 27

when contracting trachealis muscle

Back 27

the trachea constricts (change in diameter big change in pressure) time to contract these muscles sneeze and cough

can exspel air at over 100 mph

Front 28

bronchial tree

Back 28

consists of branched air ways leading from trachea into the lungs

Front 29

branches of bronchial tree

Back 29

1. bronchi- 2 - left & right (have same ribbed cartilaginous as trachea

2. bronchioles- they lack cartilage & a mucus secreting epithelium

3. terminal bronchioles

4. respiratory bronchioles-

5. alveoli-

Front 30

respiratory bronchioles & alveoli

Back 30

make up a lobules where gas exchange occurs

Front 31

blood supply for lungs

Back 31

get oxygenated blood from bronchial arteries

get deoxygenated blood from bronchial veins

Front 32

some blood from bronchial veins is diverted to

Back 32

the pulmonary veins

Front 33

lungs

Back 33

occupying separate plural cavities. separated medially by the heart that occupies medisteinum. rest atop the diaphragm

Front 34

each lung is covered by membrane

Back 34

The pleural membrane

Front 35

The pleural membrane

Back 35

is folded. has inner and outer portion

Front 36

parietal pleura

Back 36

outer portion. lines inside rib cage

Front 37

pulmonary (visceral) pleura

Back 37

inner portion

Front 38

pleura cavity

Back 38

space between

Front 39

surface tension

Back 39

water attraction

the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.

Front 40

2 things to make pressure go down

Back 40

1. contract external intercostal muscle -causes ribs to move up & out

2. diaphragm contracts (moves down)

Front 41

surfactant

Back 41

lungs secret a chemical _________ to reduce surface tension with in alveoli & prevent their collasps

if a new born doesnt breathe, they are given this

Front 42

pleurisy

Back 42

inflammation of plueral membranes resulting in coughing, fever, & very painful respiration

Front 43

alveoli

Back 43

walls are composed of simple squamous epithelium, thru these walls ans walls of blood capillaries (gas exchange) need massive surface area-get it bc extensive network of aleoli capillaries

*with every breath you take gases move across surface area size of tennis court

Front 44

lungs also produce a portion of

Back 44

amniotic fluid

Front 45

dust cells

Back 45

fixed macrophages associated with alveoli

Front 46

bc of the presents of macrophages of alveoli

Back 46

tiny blood clots are filtered (destoryed)

Front 47

inspiration is

Back 47

an active process- means there has to be control of it

*neural control

*autonomic

*located in brain stem- more specific medulla

Front 48

2 autonomic reflex control center in the medulla

Back 48

1. inspiratory area of the medulla- sends impulse that last 2 seconds thru the vegus nerves (cranial nerve pair #10 x) to internal intercostal and the diaphragm causing (the drawing)

2. expiratory area of the medulla- does nothing during normally quite respiration. bc its passive-we dont need it **only becomes active during forced expiration (you can breath out more air than you normally do)

Front 49

pneumotaxic area

Back 49

in the pons. its job is to tell inspiratory area to stop @ the end of 2 seconds thereby preventing over inflation

Front 50

hering breuer reflex

Back 50

involves stretch sensory receptors in the walls of the bronchi & bronchioles that also send impulses thru cranial nerve pair #10 (vegus) to inspiratory area telling it to stop

Front 51

if everything goes as it should

Back 51

hemoglobin/blood will be completely saturated/filled with O2 when it leaves the alveoli

Front 52

2 things that determine things go as they should

Back 52

1. perfusion

2. ventilation

Front 53

perfusion

Back 53

renewal of blood within the alveoli capillaries

Front 54

ventilation

Back 54

renewal of air within the alveoli capillaries

Front 55

perfusion is the one that

Back 55

our body prefers to control

controlled by constriction or dilation of arterioles leading into alveoli capillaries

Front 56

if perfusion is too slow

Back 56

time is wasted while needy cells need

Front 57

if perfusion is too fast

Back 57

does not become completely saturated

Front 58

hyperventilation

Back 58

rapid breathing.

-it does not/can not increase O2 saturation of blood

-instead of more O2 in, you are taking more CO2 out

Front 59

respiratory alkalosis

Back 59

when hyperventilating blood becomes basic

is a disturbance in acid and base balance due to alveolar hyperventilation. Alveolar hyperventilation leads to a decreased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide

Front 60

the magnitude of the bohr effect is reduced bc

Back 60

blood becomes more alkaline causing hemoglobin to hang on to O2 longer

Front 61

widespread vasodilation

Back 61

blood vessels dilate

decrease in BP- can cause you to pass out

Front 62

apnea

Back 62

temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep.

Front 63

cheyne stokes respiration

Back 63

periods of hyperventilation alternating periods of apnea

Front 64

the death rattle

Back 64

common name of cheyne stokes respiration- often heard in persons just before death

Front 65

the cilia mucus escalator

Back 65

refers to the mechanism that we utilize to move mucus from lower respiratory structures up the throat where it is then swallowed

Front 66

lower layer of the cilia mucus escalator

Back 66

sal- is fluid

Front 67

upper layer of the cilia mucus escalator

Back 67

gel- sticky, water insoluble mucus

Front 68

effects of altitude on respiration

Back 68

as altitude increases barometric pressure (air pressure) decreases

Front 69

decompression sickness

AKA the bends

Back 69

a rapid decrease in barometric pressure. nitrogen gas bubbles out of the blood but it cant be exhaled fast enough & bubbles block capillaries-dizzy, pain, paralysis, death

Front 70

nitrogen narcosis

AKA rapture of the deep

Back 70

when down too long, nitrogen builds up in blood & lipid membranes of neurons-reduces their excitability & produces the feeling of euphoria

Front 71

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 71

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired above normal (normal breath, then deeper breath)

Front 72

tidal volume

Back 72

max volume of air in the lungs during normal quite respiration
*when you reach this point the inspiratory area ceases

Front 73

expiratory reserve volume

Back 73

volume of air that can be forcibly expired above normal

the additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration

Front 74

residual volume

Back 74

lung volume representing the amount of air left in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Front 75

vital capacity

Back 75

total volume that can be moved in & out

=inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

Front 76

dead space

Back 76

surface area of respiratory passage ways not involved in gas exchange