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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the Cardiovascular System consist of?
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A Conduction System A Fluid Medium |
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What is the pump in the cardiovascular system?
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The heart |
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What is the conducting system in the cardiovascular system? |
Blood Vessels |
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What is the fluid medium in the cardiovascular system? |
Blood |
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Blood is a specialized fluid of what that contains what?
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Specialized fluid of connective tissue which contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix
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What does blood do?
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Transports materials to and from cells |
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What materials does blood transport?
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Nutrients Hormones Immune System Components Waste Products |
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What are the important functions of blood?
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Regulation of pH & ions Protection against toxins and pathogens |
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What dissolved substances does blood transport?
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Nutrients Hormones Waste Products |
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What does the blood regulate?
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pH Body Temperature Osmotic Pressure Ions |
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What things/features of the blood protect against toxins and pathogens? |
White Blood Cells Proteins |
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What is whole blood?
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Plasma and formed elements |
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What is plasma?
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A fluid consisting of water, dissolved plasma proteins, and other solutes |
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What percent water is plasma?
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91.5% |
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What percent solutes is plasma? |
8.5% - primarily proteins |
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What are the formed elements are found in whole blood?
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All cells and solids
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Your blood volume is what % of your total body weight?
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7-8% |
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Adult males hold how many liters of blood?
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5-6 |
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Adult females hold how many liters of blood? |
4-5 |
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What is the average temperature of blood? |
100.4°F |
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What is the average pH of blood?
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7.35-7.45 |
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The composition of your blood depends on? |
Age, body and composition, sex
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Plasma takes up what percent of blood volume?
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50-60% |
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More than 90% of plasma is what?
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Water |
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What are the extracellular fluids in plasma? |
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What do materials plasma and IF exchange across capillary walls?
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Ions Small Solutes |
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What are the plasma proteins?
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Globulins (35%) Fibrinogen (4%) |
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What is serum?
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Liquid part of a blood sample in which dissolved fibrinogen converts to solid fibrin |
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What are albumins?
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Transport substances such as fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones |
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What are globulins?
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Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins Transport globulins (small molecules): hormone building proteins, metalloproteins, apolipoproteins (lipoproteins), and steroid-binding proteins |
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What are fibrinogens?
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Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble stands of fibrin |
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How do plasma proteins originate?
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Antibodies made by plasma cells Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs |
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What are the three types of elements formed in the blood?
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White Blood Cells (WBC) or Leukocytes Platelets or Platelets (hehe, that was a joke) |
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What is the function of red blood cells?
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Transport oxygen |
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What are the white blood cells part of?
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The immune system |
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What are platelets involved in?
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They are cell fragments involved in clotting |
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RBC make up 99.9% of what?
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Blood's formed elements |
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What is hemoglobin?
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Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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What is Red Blood Cell Count?
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The number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood |
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What is the red blood cell count in men?
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4.5-6.3 million |
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What is the red blood cell count in women? |
4.2-5.5 million |
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What is the structure of RBCs?
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Thin in middle & thicker at the edge |
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What are the characteristics of erythrocytes?
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Biconcave shape No organelles Contains hemoglobin Glycolipids- blood groups Carbonic anhydrase Carbonic acid |
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What is carbonic anhydrase?
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Enzyme that joins CO2 and H2O to form carbonic acid |
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What are the characteristics of carbonic acid?
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Dissociates to bicarbonate; transports CO2 |
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What are the three important effects of RBC shape on function?
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1. High surface-to-volume ratio 2. Discs form stacks called rouleaux 3. Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries |
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Why is a high surface to volume ratio in RBCs important?
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Allows them to quickly absorbs & releases oxygen
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Why does RBC discs forming stacks called rouleaux matter?
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Allows a smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels |
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Why does it matter that RBC discs bend and flex when entering small capillaries?
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Allows a 7.8 micrometer RBC passes through 4 micrometer capillary |
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What is a hematocrit?
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The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.
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When put in a centrifuge what happens to blood?
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Plasma, WBCs, and RBCs separate
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What is the normal makeup of a blood sample when spun in a centrifuge?
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55% plasma, the hematocrit portion 45% |
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What are some causes of low hematocrit?
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Acute or chronic bleeding from the digestive tract (ulcers, polyps, colon cancer) Damage bone marrow from toxins, radiation or chemo, infection or drugs Kidney disease Chronic inflammatory disease or conditions |
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What are some causes of high hematocrit?
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Pulmonary disease Congenital heart disease Smoking Living at high altitudes Genetic causes |
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What is the structure of the hemoglobin?
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Four polypeptide chain -Heme in each of the four chains |
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What does hemoglobin do?
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-Combines with amino acids of globin -Forms carbaminohemoglobin |
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Hemoglobin plays an important role in regulating what?
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-Endothelial cells lining blood vessels secrete gaseous hormone Nitric Oxide (NO) binds to hemoglobin -Some cases hemoglobin can release NO causing vasodilation to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery |
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How many molecules of hemoglobin are there in your body on average?
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200-300 million |
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Men vs. Women hemoglobin content?
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-Men 14-16g per 100ml of blood -Females 12-14g per 100ml of blood |
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Having less than 10g of hemoglobin in your body is an indicator of what? |
Anemia |
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What stimulates RBC production?
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Occurs only in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) in adults Stem cells mature to become RBC |
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Negative feedback systems do what in RBC Production?
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Regulates the total number of RBCs and platelets in circulation
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What are hemocytoblasts?
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-Myeloid stem cells which become RBCs and some become WBCs -Lymphoid stem cells which become lymphocytes |
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What are the stages of RBC maturation?
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Proerythroblasts Erythroblasts Reticulocyte Mature RBC |
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Building red blood cells requires what?
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Iron Vitamin B12, B6, and folic acid |
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What is Pernicious Anemia?
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Due to unavailability of Vitamin B12 |
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What is Erythropoietin (EPO)?
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Secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissue is low (hypoxia) Due to disease or high altitude |
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What do pluripotent stem cells produce?
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-Give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils Lymphoid stem cells -Give rise to lymphocytes |
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Hemopoietic growth factors regulate what in the formation of RBC?
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Erythropoietin - RBCs Thrombopoietin - Platelets |
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Erythropoiesis starts where?
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In red bone marrow with proerythroblasts |
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What are the steps of erythropoiesis?
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-Eject nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte -Develops into mature RBC within 1-2 days -Negative feedback balances production with destruction -Controlled condition is amount of oxygen delivery to tissues -Hypoxia stimulates release of erythropoietin |
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How many RBCs wear out per day?
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How many new RBCs are produced?
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About 3 million per second |
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What are the functions of macrophages of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow on RBC formation?
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Engulf RBCs before membranes rupture (hemolyze) |
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Life span of RBCs?
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About 120 days
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What two organs recycle red blood cells?
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Spleena nd liver |
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What breakdown products are recycled? |
Iron reused Non-iron heme ends as yellow pigment urobilin in urine or brown pigment stercobilin in feces |
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Phagocytes break hemoglobin into what components?
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Heme to biliverdin Iron |
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What is hemoglobinuria?
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Hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in bloodstream |
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What is hematuria?
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Whole red blood in urine due to kidney or tissue damage |
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What happens in the breakdown of biliverdin?
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Biliverdin (green) is converted to bilirubin (yellow) |
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What is bilirubin?
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Jaundice is caused by bilirubin buildup Converted by intestinal bacteria to urobilins and stercobilins |
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What happens during iron recycling?
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To transport proteins (transferrin) To storage proteins (ferritin and hemosiderin) |
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What are the characteristics of WBCs?
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Do not have hemoglobin Have nuclei and other organelles |
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What are the functions of WBCs?
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Defend against pathogens Remove toxins and wastes Attack abnormal cells |
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Where are most WBCs located?
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Lymphatic system organs |
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How many WBCs are found in blood in a healthy person?
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5,000-10,000 per microliter |
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What are four characteristics of circulating WBCs?
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Have amoeboid movement Attracted to chemical stimuli (positive chemotaxis) Some are phagocytic (neutrophils, eosinophils, & monocytes) |
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What are the types of WBCs?
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Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes |
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What are neutrophils?
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50-70% of circulating WBCs |
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What are the physical characteristics of neutrophils?
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Pale cytoplasm granules with lysosomal enzymes & bactericides (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) |
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What are the neutrophil actions?
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Very active, first to attack bacteria Engulf and digest pathogens Degranulation -Removes granules from cytoplasm -Defensins (peptides from lysosomes) attack pathogen membranes Release prostaglandins and leukotrienes Forms pus |
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What are eosinophils?
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A.K.A. acidophils 2-4% of circulating WBCs Excrete toxic compounds -Nitric oxide -Cytotoxic enzymes Sensitive to allergens -Release histaminase, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and effective against certain parasitic worms |
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What are basophils?
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Less than 1% of circulating WBCs Accumulate in damaged tissue Release histamine -Dilates blood vessels Release heparin -Prevents blood clotting Intensifies inflammatory reaction Involved in hypersensitivity reactions (allergies) |
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What are monocytes?
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2-8% of circulating WBCs Are large and spherical Enter peripheral tissues and become macrophages Engulf large particles and pathogens Secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured area |
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What are lymphocytes?
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Larger than RBC Migrate in and out of blood Mostly in connective tissues and lymphoid organs Are part of the bodys specific defense system |
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What are the three classes of lymphocytes?
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B cells Natural Killer (NK) cells |
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What do the T cells do?
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Attack foreign cells directly |
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What do the B cells do?
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Humoral immunity Differentiate into plasma cells Synthesize antibodies |
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What do natural killer (NK) cells do?
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Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers) |
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What do the differential count and changes in WBC profiles do?
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Infections, inflammation, and allergic reactions |
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What are three types of WBC disorders?
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Leukocytosis Leukemia |
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What is leukopenia? |
Abnormally low WBC count |
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What is leukocytosis?
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Abnormally high WBC count |
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What is leukemia?
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Extremely high WBC count |
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In WBC production, what do myeloid stem cells do?
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Produce all WBCs except lymphocytes |
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In WBC production, what do lymphoid stem cells do?
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Lymphopoiesis- the production of lymphocytes |
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In WBC development, what cells develop in bone marrow?
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WBCs, except monocytes |
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In WBC development, all WBCs except monocytes develop where? |
In the bone marrow |
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In WBC development, what cells develop into macrophages in peripheral tissues?
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Monocytes |
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In WBC development, how/where do monocytes develop?
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Monocytes develop into macrophages in peripheral tissues
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What is the life span of WBCs?
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Most live only a few days |
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What is the life span of lymphocytes?
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Live for months or years |
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How many leukocytosis are found in the bloodstream?
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What is leukocytosis?
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A normal protective response to invaders, strenuous exercise, anesthesia and surgery
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What is leukopenia? |
Below 5,000/microliter (uL) |
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What is the function of leukocytosis?
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Phagocytosis or immune responses |
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What do pathogens do?
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Many WBCs leave the bloodstream Emigration (formerly diapedesis) occurs -Sticks to and then squeeze between endothelial cells Precise signals vary for different types of WBCs |
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What are platelets?
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-Nonmammalian vertebrates have thrombocytes (nucleated cells) |
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How long do platelets live for?
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9-12 days |
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What removes platelets from the bloodstream? |
The spleen
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2/3 platelets are reserved for what?
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Emergencies |
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What is the amount of platelets reserved for emergencies?
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2/3 |
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What is the average amount of platelets? |
150,000-500,000/ microliter |
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What is thrombocytopenia?
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Abnormally low platelet count |
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What is thrombocytosis?
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Abnormally high platelet count |
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What are the three functions of platelets?
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Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls Reduce size of a break in vessel wall |
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Where does platelet production occur?
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In bone marrow This process is also called thrombocytopoiesis |
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What are megakaryocytes?
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Manufactures platelets from cytoplasm |
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What are the steps in platelet formation?
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Splinter into 2000-3000 fragments Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane Become disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus |
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What are the functions of platelets?
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Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals |
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What is the lifespan of platelets? |
5-9 days |
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What is hemostasis?
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The cessation of bleeding |
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What are the three stages of hemostasis?
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Platelet phase Coagulation phase |
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How does the vascular stage of hemostasis work?
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1. Endothelial cells contract and expose basement membrane to bloodstream 2. Endothelial cells -release chemical factors ADP, tissue factor, and prostacyclin -release local hormones, endothelins -Stimulate smooth muscle contraction and cell division 3. Endothelial plasma membranes become "sticky" -Seal off blood flow |
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How does the platelet phase of hemostasis work?
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Platelet adhesion (attachment) -To sticky endothelial surfaces -To basement membranes -To exposed collagen fibers Platelet aggregation (stick together) -forms platelet plug that closes small breaks Activated platelets release clotting compounds |
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What clotting compounds do activated platelets release in the platelet phase?
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Thromboxane A2 and serotonin Clotting factors Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) Calcium Ions |
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What happens during the coagulation phase?
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Blood clotting (coagulation) -Cascade reaction --Chain reactions of enzymes and proenzymes -Form 3 pathways -Convert circulating fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin |
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What are the 3 coagulation pathways
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Intrinsic pathway Common pathway |
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What is the extrinsic pathway?
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Outside bloodstream Damaged cells release tissue factor (TF) TF+ other compounds = enzyme complex Activated Factor X |
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What is the intrinsic pathway?
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Within bloodstream Activation of enzymes by collagen Platelets release factors (e.g., PF-3) Series of reactions activates Factor X |
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What is the common pathway?
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Formation of prothrombinase Prothrombinase converts prothrombinase into thrombin Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble) forming the threads of the clot |
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The common pathway is what to the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?
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The merge of the two |
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What are thrombin's two positive feedback effects?
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Thrombin activates platelets |
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When administered, coagulants bring a high risk of what?
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Clots |
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Why do we use heparin and warfarin (Coumadin)?
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Coumadin interferes with vitamin K blocking synthesis of clotting proteins |
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What are agglutinogens?
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Genetically determined assortment of antigens |
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Where are agglutinogens found?
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On RBC surfaces |
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How is a blood group determined? |
Based on presence or absence of various antigens |
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What are the most common way to identify blood types?
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ABO & Rh
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Characteristics of blood type A
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Has anti-B antibodies |
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Characteristics of blood type B?
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Has anti-A antibodies |
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Characteristics of blood type AB?
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Has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies |
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Characteristics of blood type O?
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Universal donor |
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A person with type A blood can donate to whom? |
A person with type A or AB blood |
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A person with type B blood can donate to whom? |
A person with type B or AB blood
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A person with type AB blood can donate to whom?
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A person with AB only |
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A person with type O blood can donate to whom? |
Anyone |
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A person with type A blood can receive blood from whom?
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A person with type A or O blood |
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A person with type B blood can receive blood from whom? |
A person with type B or O blood |
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A person with type AB blood can receive blood from whom? |
Anyone |
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A person with type O blood can receive blood from whom? |
Only a person with type O blood |
