Anatomy Chapter 19 - Blood

Front 1

formed elements

Back 1

blood cells and cell fragments that are suspended in the plasma

Front 2

what two types of cells create the formed elements?

Back 2

myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.

Front 3

whole blood

Back 3

plasma and formed elements.

Front 4

What is the ratio of plasma to formed elements in the blood

Back 4

46-63% plasma
37 - 54% formed elements

more plasma

Front 5

What is the ratio of red to [white blood cells + platelets] in the formed elements

Back 5

99% RBCs 1% everything else.

Front 6

is blood temperature typically above or below body temp?

Back 6

slightly above

Front 7

what is the pH range of blood

Back 7

7.35 to 7.45

(slightly alkaline)

(most likely bicarbonate)

Front 8

what is the main component of plasma?

Back 8

water (92%)

Front 9

What are the (2) primary differences between interstitial fluid and plasma?

Back 9

1.) level of respiratory gasses
2.) concentration and types of dissolved proteins (5x as much in plasma as IF)

Front 10

what three types of proteins constitute 99% of the plasma proteins?

Back 10

albumins, globulins, fibrinogens

Front 11

which type of plasma protein is the primary contributor to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma

Back 11

Albumin - it makes of 60% of the plasma proteins.

Front 12

Which type of plasma protein includes antibodies, hormone binding proteins, apolipoproteins, steroid binding proteins, and metalloproteins?

Back 12

globulins 35% of the plasma proteins.

Front 13

which type of plasma protein functions in clotting?

Back 13

fibrinogen (4% of plasma proteins.)

Front 14

the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin removes the clotting proteins and leaves behind what substance?

Back 14

serum

Front 15

from what system are plasma cells derived?

Back 15

lymphoid system (lymphocytes)

Front 16

from what cells are antibodies derived?

Back 16

plasma cells from the lymphoid system.

Front 17

What type of cell accounts for one-third of the cells in the human body?

Back 17

Red Blood Cells.

Front 18

Hematocrit

Back 18

percentage of whole blood volume consisting of formed elements

Front 19

What are the typical hematocrit levels of males and females respectively?

Back 19

46 males (40-54)

42 females (37-47)

Front 20

Why do males have more hematocrit than females?

Back 20

androgens stimulate red blood cell production.

Front 21

The biconcave shape of the Red blood cells leads to what 3 important characteristics?

Back 21

1.) increased surface area to volume ratio

2.) enables RBCs to stack and flow through narrow vessels

3.) Enables RBCs to bend and flex

Front 22

What is the normal levels of hemoglobin in males and females respectively?

Back 22

males: 14-18g/dL

females 12-16 g/dL

Front 23

What color is blood rich in deoxyhemoglobin?

Back 23

dark red or burgundy. (NOT GREEN)

Front 24

which binds hemoglobin more strongly; fetal or adult hemoglobin?

Back 24

fetal hemoglobin.

Front 25

Using hydroxyurea or butyrate to induce formation of fetal hemoglobin over adult hemoglobin is used to treat what (2) illnesses?

Back 25

sickle cell anemia and thalassemia

Front 26

Anemia

Back 26

low hematocrit or Hb levels. causes reduced oxygen delivery to the tissues.

Front 27

what is the life span of a typical RBC? Why is this so short?

Back 27

120 days.

The membrane does not have the machinery to regenerate itself or repair damage. Wear and tear therefore causes it to rupture.

Front 28

abnormally large number of hemoglobin molecules breaking down in the bloodstream leads to what condition?

Back 28

hemoglobinuria - red or brown urine

Front 29

The presence of intact RBCs int he blood leads to what condition and is a sign of what other condition?

Back 29

hematuria -signifies kidney damage or damage to vessels along the urinary tract.

Front 30

when heme units are broken down and their iron is removed what is formed?

Back 30

biliverdin -green organic compound which forms bruises.

Front 31

how is billiverden removed from the body?

Back 31

it is converted to billirubin and released into the blood stream where it binds to albumin and transported to the liver for excretion.

Front 32

what occurs when the liver is unable to discard bilirubin at a quick enough rate (or not at all?)

Back 32

JAUNDICE!

Front 33

During early development, what organs are the major sites of hematogenesis?

Back 33

Liver and Spleen

Front 34

Where does erythropoesis occur?

Back 34

Red Bone Marrow

Front 35

How much of the human blood population is reticulocytes?

Back 35

.8% levels over 3% are a sign of hemmoraging.

Front 36

List 4 conditions where EPO is released.

Back 36

1.) Anemia
2.) Reduced kidney blood flow
3.) Reduced 02 in air in lungs (altitude or disease)
4.) Damage to respiratory surfaces

Front 37

To be Rh+ means you have which antigen?

Back 37

D antigen

Front 38

Agglutinogen

Back 38

surface antigens on blood cells

Front 39

Agglutinins

Back 39

attack the antigens on foreign RBCs

Front 40

agglutination

Back 40

When antibodies bind to surface antigens on RBCs

Front 41

What is the msot common blood type?

Back 41

O (except in australian aborigines)

Front 42

Can Rh Antibodies cross into the fetal blood stream?

Back 42

Yes (but A and B cannot)

Front 43

Can blood antibodies (A and B) cross into the fetal blood stream?

Back 43

No, but Rh antibodies can.

Front 44

What doe White blood cells have that RBCs dont?

What do RBCs have that WBCs dont?

Back 44

nucleus and organelles


WBCs do not have hemoglobin.

Front 45

List the 4 characteristics of all migrating White Blood Cells:

Back 45

1.) All can migrate out of the bloodstream

2.) Capable of Amoeboid movement

3.) Attracted to chemical stimuli

4.) Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils are capable of Phagocytosis

Front 46

List the 4 types of White Blood Cells.

Back 46

Basophils, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils

Front 47

What two types of White blood cells are referred to as "microphages"?

Back 47

neutrophils and eosinophils

Front 48

neutrophil

Back 48

-50-70% of WBC population
-granules are chemically neutral so they are hard to stain
-Highly mobile (first to arrive)
-digest marked bacteria

Front 49

Eosinophils

Back 49

-staindarkly with eosin a red dye
-attack marked objects via exocytosis of toxic compounds
-multiply during allergic reactions

Front 50

Basophils

Back 50

- stain darkly with basic dyes
- smaller than eosinophils or neurophils
- discharge granules containing histamine and heparin

Front 51

Histamine

Back 51

dilates blood vessels. released by basophils

Front 52

Heparin

Back 52

prevents blood clotting, released by basophils.

Front 53

Monocytes

Back 53

-very large
- draw fibrocytes to region of injury
- aggresive phagocytes.

monocyte is a monster!

Front 54

Lymphocytes

Back 54

20-30% of WBC population

Front 55

Lsit the 3 types of circulating lymphocytes.

Back 55

1.) T cells
2.) B cells
3.) Natural Killer cells

Front 56

T- Cells

Back 56

enter peripheral tissues and attack directly, or regulates other lymphocytes

Front 57

B cells

Back 57

produces antibodies. responsible for humoral immunity.

Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells

Front 58

Natural Killer cells

Back 58

immune surveillance. Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells.

Front 59

What are the 3 functions of Platelets?

Back 59

1.) Release of clotting chemicals

2.) Forms temporary patch in the wall of damaged blood vessels.

3.) Active contraction after clot formation.

Front 60

Thrombocytopoesis

Back 60

platelet production

Front 61

Megakaryocytes

Back 61

enormous cells which manufacture structural proteins enzymes and membranes.

Front 62

The rate of megakaryocyte activity and platelet formation is stimulated by what 3 substances?

Back 62

1.) thrombopoetin (produced in kidneys)
2.) interleukin-6 (IL-6)
3.) multi-CSF

Front 63

Colony Stimulating Factor

Back 63

hormones which regulate WBC populations.

Front 64

List the four colony stimulating factors and their corresponding target.

Back 64

M-CSF - monocytes
G-CSF - granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
GM-CSF - granulocytes and monocytes
Multi-CSF - granulocytes, monocytes, platelets and RBCs

Front 65

how do platelets differ between mamallian and nonmamallian cells.

Back 65

In non mamalian cells they are nucleated and called thrombocytes.

Front 66

Thrombocytopenia

Back 66

low platelet count (80,000/ul)

Front 67

Thrombocytopoiesis

Back 67

platelet production

Front 68

Differential count

Back 68

number of each type of WBC in a sample of 100.

Front 69

Granulocytes pass through 3 developmental stages before becoming a mature WBC. List them.

Back 69

1.) Blast cell
2.) Myelocytes
3.) Band Cells.

Front 70

What organs are lympocytes produced in besides bone marrow?

Back 70

thymus

spleen

lymph nodes

Front 71

proenzyme

Back 71

Enzyme precursors that convert to functional form via signalling.

contribute to enzyme cascades.

Front 72

Extrinsic pathway:

list the steps up to the start of common pathway

Back 72

1.) Factor III released by damaged endothelial cells

2.) Factor III combines with calcium and Factor VII

3.) This complex activates Fator X

Front 73

intrinsic pathway:

list the steps up to the start of common pathway

Back 73

1.) activation of Factor XII
2.) Platelet factor 3 is released by aggrigating platelets.
3.) Clotting factors VIII and IX combine with Ca2+
4.) Complex activates Factor X

Front 74

List the steps of the common pathway:

Back 74

1.) Factor X activates prothrombinase

2.) prthrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin.

3.) Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Front 75

Comapre the extrinsic pathway with the intrinsic pathway

Back 75

Extrinsic is shorter and faster than the intrinsic pathway.

the exteinsic is an initial response which is made permanent by the intrinsic pathway.

Front 76

How does thrombin stimulate blood clotting?

Back 76

1.) stimulates the formation of tissue factor (Factor III) (extrinsic)

2.) stimulates the release of PF-3 by platelets. (intrinsic)

Positive feedback loop.

Front 77

List 5 substances that deactivate or remove clotting factors.

Back 77

Anticoagulants (antithrombin-III)
Heparin
Thrombomodulin
Protein C
Prostacyclin
alpha-2 macroglobin

Front 78

Why are calcium ions and vitamin K neccesary for clotting

Back 78

all three pathways require calcium ions.

vitamin K must be present for the liver to synthesize four of the clotting factors.

Front 79

Clot retraction

Back 79

occurs over a period of 30-60 minutes

1.) pulls the torn edges of the vessel closr together

2.) reduces the size of the damaged area making it easier for fibrocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells to complete repairs.

Front 80

fibrinolysis

Back 80

clot dissolving after repairs

Front 81

what two enzymes activate plasminogen

Back 81

thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator

Front 82

activated plasminogen makes what?

Back 82

plasmin: which digests the fbrin strands