Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

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abnormal behavior

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behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a long period of time

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medical model

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a biological approach that describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin

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DSM-IV

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abbreviation or the "diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" fourth edition; the current version of the APA's major classification of psychological disorders

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ADHD

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psychological disorder in which the individual shows one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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anxiety disorders

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psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.

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generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder that consists of persistent anxiety for at least 6 months; the individual with this disorder cannot specify the reasons for the anxiety

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror.

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agoraphobia

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a cluster of fears centered on public places and on an inability to escape or to find help should one become incapacitated

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phobic disorder

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commonly called "phobia," an anxiety disorder in which the individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation

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OCD

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an anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away (obsession) and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation (compulsion)

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PTSD

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an anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, severely oppressive situations, severe abuse, and natural and unnatural disasters

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mood disorder

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psychological disorders in which there is a primary disturbance in mood (prolonged emotion that colors the individual's entire emotional state). Two main types are the depressive disorders and bipolar disorder.

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depressive disorder

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mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression (an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life)

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major depressive disorder (MDD)

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a mood disorder indicated by a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, lasting at least 2 weeks

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dysthymic disorder

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a depressive disorder that is generally more chronic and has fewer symptoms than major depressive disorder.

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bipolar disorder

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a mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania (an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state)

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dissociative disorders

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psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.

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dissociative amnesia

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a dissociative disorder involving extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress

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dissociative fugue

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a dissociative disorder in which the individual not only develops amnesia but also unexpectedly travels away from home and assumes a new identity

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Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

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formerly called multiple personality disorder, this is the most dramatic but least common dissociative disorder; individuals suffering from this disorder have two or more distinct personalities or selves.

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schizophrenia

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a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes

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hallucinations

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sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli

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delusions

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false, sometimes even preposterous, beliefs that are not part of the person's culture.

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referential thinking

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ascribing personal meaning to completely random events

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catatonia

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a state of immobility and unresponsiveness

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flat affect

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a negative symptom in which the person shows little or no emotion, speaks without emotional inflection, and maintains an immobile facial expression

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disorganized schizophrenia

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a type of schizophrenia in which an individual has delusions and hallucinations that have little or no recognizable meaning

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catatonic schizophrenia

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a type of schizophrenia characterized by bizarre motor behavior that sometimes takes the form of a completely immobile stupor

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paranoid schizophrenia

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a type of schizophrenia that is characterized by delusions of reference, grandeur, and persecution

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undifferentiated schizophrenia

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a type of schizophrenia that is characterized by disorganized behavior, hallucinations, delusions, and incoherence

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undifferentiated schizophrenia

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a type of schizophrenia that is characterized by disorganized behavior, hallucinations, delusions, and incoherence

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diathesis-stress model

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a model of schizophrenia that proposes a combination of biogenetic disposition disposition and stress as the cause of the disorder

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personality disorders

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chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are throughly integrated into the individual's personality