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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the process of metabolism? |
Being able to break down molecules in order to produce energy as well as providing building blocks that can be used to make other molecules |
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What is the function of anabolism? |
Taking up energy in order to build molecules that our body needs |
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What is the function of catabolism? |
The breaking down of molecules |
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What comes from hydrolysis of ATP? |
Free energy |
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What are the four types of biomolecules in the human diet? |
1. Proteins 2. Nucleic acids 3. Polysaccharides 4. Fats (particularly triacylglycerides) |
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What does digestion do to biomolecules? |
Reduces them to monomers |
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What do proteins get reduced to in digestion? |
Amino acids |
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What do nucleic acids get reduced to in digestion? |
Nucleotides |
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What do polysaccharides get reduced to in digestion? |
Monosaccharides |
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What do fats get reduced to in digestions? |
Fatty acids |
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Where does digestion take place and what occurs in these locations? |
1. Mouth - salivary amylase breaks down starch 2. Stomach - proteases degrade proteins, low pH, and pepsin start to degrade nucleic acid 3. Small intestine - proteases degrade proteins, lipases release fatty acids from triacylglycerols, and nucleases degrade nucleic acids |
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What hydrolyzes starchy foods? |
Amylases |
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What does starch turn into via amylase? |
Glucose molecules |
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Where are amylases found? |
The salivary glands |
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What hydrolyzes proteins? |
Proteases |
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What does protease turn proteins into? |
Individual amino acids |
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Where are proteins secreted? |
Stomach and pancreas |
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What hydrolyzes fatty acids? |
Lipases |
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What do fatty acids turn into via lipase? |
Lipids |
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Where are lipases made? |
Pancreas |
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Where are lipases secreted? |
Small intestine |
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T or F: Fatty acids are technically polymers |
False |
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How are fatty acids stored? |
In the form of triacylglycerols in adipocytes |
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What are triacylglycerols? |
Large globules |
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What are adipocytes? |
Fat bumps |
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What is glucose stored as and where can it be found? |
Stored as glycogen and is found in the liver and muscle cells |
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T or F: Breaking down a polymer to its monomeric components is relatively simple ad only take on or two steps to accomplish |
True |
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What is the difference in breaking down a polymer and a monomer? |
Polymer: only requires one or a few steps Monomer: requires a series of reactions called metabolic pathways |
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T or F: There is no Metabolic Pathway Map |
False |
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What six steps sum up the overview of metabolism? |
1. Monomers are formed 2. Intermediates with two or three carbons are formed 3. Carbons are fully oxidized to CO2 4. Electron carriers gain electrons 5. Electron carriers are recycled via electron loss 6. ATP and H2O are produced |
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What are the four steps of glucose metabolism? |
1. Glycogen breakdown 2. Glycolysis 3. Gluconeogenesis 4. Glycogen synthesis |
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What is involved in catabolism of amino acids, monosaccharides, and fatty acids? |
Oxidizing carbon |
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What involves a reducing carbon? |
Anabolism of amino acids, monosaccharides, and fatty acids |
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What in methane is most highly reduced? |
Carbon |
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What is most highly oxidized in CO2? |
Carbon |
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Carbon is oxidized by CO2 in what molecules? |
Fatty acids and carbohydrates |
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What undergoes oxidation in fatty acids? |
Methylene carbons |
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What undergoes oxidation in carbohydrates? |
CH2O -- carbons |
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What is oxidation? |
Loss of electrons |
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What is reduction? |
Gain of electrons |
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What are two examples of enzyme cofactors? |
NAD+ and NADP+ |
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What do electrons get passed to from metabolites? |
Enzyme cofactors |
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What three common intermediates do metabolic pathways share? |
1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 2. Pyruvate 3. Acetyl-CoA |
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What is the fate of cofactors? |
They get recylced |
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What is the primary role of ATP in metabolism? |
An energy source |
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What is the hydrolysis of ATP used for in metabolism? |
We use the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP and couple that with other reactions to drive unfavorable reactions forward |
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Is the hydrolysis of ATP favorable or unfavorable? |
Favorable |
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What are the characteristics when deltaG is greater than 0? |
Reaction is not spontaneous Reaction is unfavorable |
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What are the characteristics when deltaG is less than 0? |
Reaction is spontaneous Reaction is favorable |
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What sometimes occurs with favorable reactions and unfavorable reaction in metabolism? |
They are coupled together |
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What yields energy to drive unfavorable reactions? |
Cleavage of phosphoanhydride bonds |
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What is an example of a highly favorable reaction? |
ATP + H2O --> ADP +Pi |
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What is an example of a highly unfavorable reaction? |
Glucose + Pi --> Glucose-6-phosphate + H2O |
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What provides energy for glucose phosphorylation? |
ATP hydrolysis |
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Why are the deltaG values for each coupled reaction added? |
To give the deltaG value for the coupled reaction |
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When a deltaG value is negative what does this mean for the reaction? |
The reaction is favorable The reaction is irreversible |
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What is so special about ATP? |
ATP hydrolysis drives many unfavorable reactions to completion |
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What is an "energy currency?" |
ATP |
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Where does regulation occur? |
Steps with the largest free energy changes |
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How do cells regulate flux through a pathway? |
Adjusting the rate of a reaction with a large free energy change |
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What occurs when there is a high negative deltaG? |
It is hard for the reaction to go in the opposite direction |
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What does a regulatory step mean? |
At that point the step cannot go back |
