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54 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is the structure of purine?

Purine has a 6 member carbon ring with an additional 5 carbon ring to the right for a total of 9 carbons

What is the structure of pyrimidine?

A 6 member carbon ring

What are adenine and guanine classified as?

Purines in both DNA and RNA

What are pyrimidines found in DNA?

Cytosine and thymine

What are pyrimidines found in RNA?

Cytosine and uracil

What are nucleotides?

Building blocks of nucleic acids

How many nitrogenous bases do nucleic acids have?

Five


Purines: 2 examples


Pyrimidines: 3 examples

What makes up a nucleoside?

Base + sugar

What makes up a nucleotide?

Base + sugar + phosphate

If adenine is the base, what is the nucleoside and nucleotide (example using monophosphate)?

Nucleoside: Adenosine


Nucleotide: Adenosine Monophosphate

If guanine is the base, what is the nucleoside and nucleotide (example using monophosphate)?

Nucleoside: Guanosine


Nucleotide: Guanosine Monophosphate

If thymine is the base, what is the nucleoside and nucleotide (example using monophosphate)?

Nucleoside: Thymidine


Nucleotide: Thymidine Monophosphate

If cytosine is the base, what is the nucleoside and nucleotide (example using monophosphate)?

Nucleoside: Cytidine


Nucleotide: Cytidine Monophosphate

If uracil is the base, what is the nucleoside and nucleotide (example using monophosphate)?

Nucleoside: Uridine


Nucleotide: Uridine Monophosphate

How do nucleotides link (not the bond name)?

Via sugar in a phosphodiester backbone

What bonds link nucleotides?

Phosphodiester bonds

How are nucleotide sequences read?

5' to 3'

Nucleotides can be fused with vitamins, for what cause?

To form molecules that aid in enzyme-catalyzed reactions

DNA forms what type of helix?

A double helix

T or F: DNA strands are parallel

False

How do adenine and thymine bond?

Adenine and thymine bind and form 2 H-bonds

How do guanine and cytosine bond?

Guanine and cytosine bind and form 3 H-bonds

T or F: Base pair width is different within a given conformation of DNA

False

What is Chargaff's rule?

The amount of A + G = C + T

What does adenine form base pairs with?

Thymine and uracil

What does guanine form base pairs with?

Cytosine

What must base pairs contain?

A purine and a pyrimidine

What three primary forces stabilize DNA?

1. Predominant force


2. Hydrogen bonding


3. Ionic interactions

What predominant forces play a role in stabilizing DNA?

Entropy (hydrophobic effect), and base stacking (Van der Waals interactions between bases)

How does hydrogen bonding play a role in stabilizing DNA?

Between the bases

How do ionic interactions play a role in stabilizing DNA?

Cations (e.g. Mg2+, Na+, K+) and polyamines

What are sequences of DNA?

Genes

What does transcription do?

Converts DNA into RNA

What does translation do?

Makes proteins from an RNA template

T or F: Transcription of DNA is critical to life

True

T or F: Cells can still thrive is transcription is shut down

False

What does RNA polymerase, along with other molecules, do?

Unwinds and separates dsDNA at the position where transcription occurs

What is RNA transcript complementary to?

The antisense (noncoding) strand

What does translation result in?

Protein synthesis

Where does translation occur?

In the ribosome, which contains rRNA and many other proteins

What does tRNA do during translation?

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and binds to its complement in the mRNA template

What directs amino acids?

The Genetic Code

What does messenger RNA (mRNA) do?

Encodes for polypeptide sequences

What does transfer RNA (tRNA) do?

Carries amino acids to the ribosome

What are two characteristics of tRNA?

tRNA is single-stranded and forms unique conformations

What is the duty of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Aids in polypeptide synthesis

What is roughly correlated with genome size?

Organismal complexity

T or F: Organismal complexity arises also from how genes are transcribed and translated into proteins

True

What are the gene number and genome size of humans?

Genome size = 3,102,000 kb


Number of genes = ~21,000


1000 bp = 1 kb

T or F: Genomic DNA cannot be linked to disease

False

About how many sites does the DNA of two individuals differ?

3,000,000 sites ( or 1/1000 base pairs)

How are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) studied?

Studied to look for correlations with disorders such as cardiovascular disease

Which disease is associated with 39 SNPs?

Type 2 diabetes

How many SNPs are associated with Crohn's disease?

71 SNPs