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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
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brownfield |
a former industrial or commercial site that is under-used, vacant, or abandoned where there is the potential for environmental contamination |
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central business district (CBD) |
the downtown or nucleus of an urban area. It is marked by high density land use, high land values, the convergence of mass transit systems, the tallest buildings and is traditionally the major concentration of retail, office and cultural activity |
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central place theory |
a theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther |
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city |
a nucleated settlement of people and buildings clustered together together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics |
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concentric zone model |
a model of North American internal city structure describing urban land uses as a series of rings around a core central business district, each ring housing a distinct type of land use. It also describes a common urban residence pattern corresponding to different family life stages |
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edge city |
a key new concept of a modern city, they combine all the functions of a central business district but are located in the suburbs and provide more jobs than homes |
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filtering |
the process in which more prosperous families move out of older housing and into new housing, creating a vacancy, which is filled by families that are less wealthy |
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functional zonation |
the division of a city into different regions or zones (e.g. residential or industrial) for certain purposes or functions (e.g. housing or manufacturing) |
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gentrification |
the movement into the inner portions or American cities of middle- and upper-income people who replace low-income populations, rehabilitate the structures they occupied, and change the social character of neighborhoods. |
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gravity model |
a model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service |
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greenbelt |
a ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area |
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Interstate Highway System |
begun in the 1950s and funded largely by the federal (US) government, it created large, limited access superhighways, connected cities, and made it easier for people to live farther away from cities |
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Latin American city model |
a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene. The model combines wedge-shaped sectors and concentric rings emanating from a central business district. The wealthy live along a well-served commercial spine and the poorest residents live in peripheral squatter settlements; also known as the Griffin-Ford Model |
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market area |
the area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services; also know as hinterland |
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McGee model |
developed by geographer T.G. McGee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of Southeast Asia |
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megacities |
cities with 10 million or more residents |
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multiple nuclei model |
a model of North American internal city structure in which social groups spread not from one central business district but from several nodes of growth, each of specialized use |
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new urbanism |
outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs |
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peripheral model |
a model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road |
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primate city |
the largest city in a country that is much greater than the second largest, overwhelming the rest of the country in terms of population, as well as cultural and economic importance |
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public housing |
housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families' income |
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range |
the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service |
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rank-size rule |
in a model urban hierarchy, it is a pattern of settlements such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement |
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redlining |
a discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. Today, this practice is officially illegal. |
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sector model |
a model of North American internal city structure in which social groups are arranged around a series of wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward from the central business district along transportation routes. This also describes a common urban residence pattern corresponding to different levels of socioeconomic status (social status) |
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squatter settlement |
an area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures |
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suburb |
a subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls. |
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suburbanization |
movement of upper- and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived or actual). In North America, the process became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century due to decentralization of cities and automobile dependency. |
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threshold |
the minimum number of people needed to support a service |
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urban |
the entire built-up, nonrural area and its population, including the most recently constructed suburban appendages. Provides a better picture of the dimensions of and population of such an area than the delimited municipality (central city) that forms its heart. |
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urban heirarchy |
a ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size, economic status, and functional complexity |
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urban realm |
a spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the central business district |
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urban sprawl |
unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning |
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urbanization |
the increase in the percentage of people who live in cities, which eventually outstrips the number of people living in rural areas; the process of city formation and expansion |
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world city |
one of a small number of interconnected, internationality dominant centers at the top of the global heirarchy (e.g., New York, London, Tokyo); not necessarily the world's biggest cities in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy |
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zoning laws |
legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of buildings and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas. In the United States, areas are most commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use. |
