Ap Human Geography Chapter 12 Vocabulary

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Industrial Revolution

Back 1

The term applied to the social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce and manufacturing that resulted from technological innovations and specialization in late-eighteenth century Europe.

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Location Theory

Back 2

a logical attempt to explain the vocational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. The agricultural location theory contained in the von thunen model is a leading example

Front 3

Variable Costs

Back 3

costs that change directly with the amount of production.

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Friction of Distance

Back 4

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance.

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Distance Decay

Back 5

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction.

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Least Cost Theory

Back 6

model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

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Agglomeration

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a process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.

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Deglomeration

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the process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition.

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Locational Interdependence

Back 9

Suggest competitors, in trying to maximize sale, will seek to constrain each other’s territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base.

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Primary Industrial Regions

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Western and Central Europe; Eastern North America; Russia and Ukraine; and Eastern Asia, each of which consists of one or more core areas of industrial development with subsidiary clusters.

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Break of Bulk Point

Back 11

A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution.

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Fordist

Back 12

A highly organized and specialized system for organizing industrial production and labor. Named after automobile producer Henry Ford, Fordist production features assembly-line production of standardized components for mass consumption.

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Post Fordist

Back 13

World economic system characterized by a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass-produced; instead, production has been accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world and bringing places closer together in time and space than would have been imaginable at the beginning of the twentieth century.

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Just in time delivery

Back 14

Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed.

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Global division of Labor

Back 15

Phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world, made possible by the compression of time and space through innovation in communication and transportation systems.

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Intermodal Connections

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Places where two or more modes of transportation meet (including air, road, rail, barge, and ship.)

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Deindustrialization

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Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment.

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Outsource

Back 18

With reference to production, to turn over in part or in synthetic inputs.

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Offshore

Back 19

With reference to production, to outsource to a third party located outside of the country.

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Subelt

Back 20

The South and Southwest region of the United States.

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Break of Bulk Point

Back 21

A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution.

Front 22

Fordist

Back 22

A highly organized and specialized system for organizing industrial production and labor. Named after automobile producer Henry Ford, Fordist production features assembly-line production of standardized components for mass consumption.

Front 23

Post Fordist

Back 23

World economic system characterized by a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass-produced; instead, production has been accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world and bringing places closer together in time and space than would have been imaginable at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Front 24

Just in time delivery

Back 24

Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed.

Front 25

Global division of Labor

Back 25

Phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world, made possible by the compression of time and space through innovation in communication and transportation systems.

Front 26

Intermodal Connections

Back 26

Places where two or more modes of transportation meet (including air, road, rail, barge, and ship.)

Front 27

Deindustrialization

Back 27

Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment.

Front 28

Outsource

Back 28

With reference to production, to turn over in part or in synthetic inputs.

Front 29

Offshore

Back 29

With reference to production, to outsource to a third party located outside of the country.

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Subelt

Back 30

The South and Southwest region of the United States.

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Technopole

Back 31

Centers or nodes of high-technology research and activity around which a high-technology corridor is sometimes established.

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Technopole

Back 32

Centers or nodes of high-technology research and activity around which a high-technology corridor is sometimes established.