Chapter 11; Deviance And Social Control

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Social Control

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refers to the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behaviour in any society.

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Conformity

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- Going along with peers - meaning that individuals of our own status, who have no special right to direct our behaviour.

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Obedience

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- in compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

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What did Blanchard et al. (1991) found in their experiments?

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Social control (through the process of conformity) influenced people's attitudes, or at least the expression of those attitudes.

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What did Milgram note after his experiment of the participants applying shocks to a subject?

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Milgram pointed out that we are accustomed to submitting to impersonal authority figures whose status is indicated by a title (professor, lieutenant, doctor) or by a uniform.

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Informal Social Control

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-people use this term to casually enforce norms

- ie parents spanking to their children to teach a lesson

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Formal Social Control

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- A term that is carried out by authorized agents (ie police officers, school administrators, employers).

- ie results in punishments like prisons and fines

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Control theory

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This theory suggests that our connection to members of society leads to us to systematically conform to society's norms

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Deviance

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- a behaviour that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

- ie; Alcoholics, compulsive gamblers, and people with mental illnesses would all be classified as deviants in Canada

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Stigma

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- describes the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups

- ie. short people, red heads

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Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance

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- sees deviance a common part of human existences with positives and negatives. and that it helps define the limits of proper behaviour

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Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance; Durkheim POV

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- deviance help define acceptable behaviours

- also use Anomie; higher rates of crime are profound in social change like in times of economic collapse.

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Merton's Theory of Deviance

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- the important cultural goal in capitalist societies are success, measured largely in terms of money

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Merton's Anomie theory of deviance

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Robert Merton's theory explains deviance as an adoption either of socially prescribed goals or of the norms governing their attainment or both

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Interactionist Perspective on Deviance

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- emphasis on everyday behaviour

- cultural transmission and routine activities theory

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Cultural Transmission

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- emphasizes that a person learns criminal behaviour through interactions with others.

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Differential Association

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- Describes the process through which exposure to attitudes favourable to criminal acts leads to violation rules.

- also applies to non-criminal deviant like lying to a friend, sitting down in a singing of a national anthem

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Routine activities theory

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- contends that criminal victimisation is increased when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge.

- ie you can't have car thieves without automobiles

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Labelling Theory

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explains why certain people are viewed as deviants, delinquents, "bad kids," "losers," and criminals, while others whose behaviour is similar are not seen in such harsh terms.

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Societal-reaction approach

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reminds us that the response to an act and not the behaviour itself that determines the deviance

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Social Constructionist perspective

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- deviance is the product of the culture we live in.

- these sociologists focus on the decision-making process that creates the deviant identity

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Conflict Perspective on Labeling Theory

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- Contends that the entire criminal justice system of Canada treats suspects differently on the basis of their racial, ethnic, or social class background

- Agents of social control can impose their own self-serving definitions of deviance on the general public

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Crime

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A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties

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Professional Crime

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a person who pursues crime as a day to day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals .

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Organized crime

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a work of a group that regulates relations among various criminal enterprises involved in the smuggling and sale of drugs and other illegal activities

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white-collar crime

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illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent, "respectable" people.

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Victimless Crimes

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describe as the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services

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Victimization surveys

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question ordinary people, not police officers, o learn how much crime occurs.

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transnational crime

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it is a crime that occurs across multiple national borders