Chapter 8 Holt Sociology Deviance And Social Control

Front 1

What is deviance?

Back 1

behavior that violates significant social norms p176

Front 2

What is stigma?

Back 2

mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society p177

Front 3

Who are criminologists?

Back 3

social scientists that study criminal behavior p179

Front 4

What is the strain theory?

Back 4

theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as the normal outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society; developed by sociology Robert K. Merton p180

Front 5

What is anomie?

Back 5

a situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable creating a confusing / chaotic situation; concept first proposed by Emile Durkheim p180

Front 6

What is the control theory?

Back 6

theory of deviant behavior in which deviance is seen as a natural occurrence and conformity is seen as the result of social control; it is a part of the interactionist perspective (Travis Hirschi is a leading control theory) p182

Front 7

What is the cultural transmission theory?

Back 7

theory that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others p184

Front 8

What is differential association?

Back 8

proportion of associations a person have with deviant versus non-deviant individuals(proposed by American sociologist and criminologist Edwin Sutherland) p184

Front 9

What are techniques of neutralization?

Back 9

suspending moral beliefs to commit deviant acts; Sykes & Matza identified 5 techniques p185

Front 10

What is the labeling theory?

Back 10

theory that focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant (most influenced by the work of Edwin Lemert and Howard Becker) p185

Front 11

What is primary deviance?

Back 11

nonconformity undetected by authority in which the individuals do not consider themselves to be deviant, and neither does society p185

Front 12

What is secondary deviance?

Back 12

nonconformity that results in the indiviuals who commit acts of secondary deviance being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true p185

Front 13

What is a degradation ceremony?

Back 13

part of the process of labeling an individual as deviant p185

Front 14

Who is Robert K. Merton?

Back 14

a functionalist sociologist who proposed the strain theory to explain deviance

Front 15

Who is known for proposing the strain theory to explain deviance?

Back 15

a functionalist sociologist named Robert K. Merton propose the strain theory to explain deviance

Front 16

Who is Richard Quinney?

Back 16

Richard Quinney is a conflict theorist who believes the ruling classes label any behavior that threatens their power base as deviant p181

Front 17

What conflict theorist believe that the ruling classes label any behavior that threatens their power base as deviant?

Back 17

Richard Quinney p181

Front 18

Who is Travis Hirschi?

Back 18

a leading control theorist who believes people develop strong social bonds in four ways p182

Front 19

According to Travis Hirschi, what are the four ways that people develop social bonds?

Back 19

1st they form attachments with others, 2nd they have a strong belief in the moral codes of society, 3rd they show commitment to traditional societal values and goals, and 4th they are fully involved in nondeviant activities p181

Front 20

Who is Edwin Sutherland?

Back 20

An American sociologist and criminologist who first proposed the concept of differential association. He suggested the the learning of deviant behavior occurs in primary groups p184

Front 21

What American sociologist and criminologist first proposed the concept of differential association?

Back 21

Edwin Sutherland p184

Front 22

Who is Edwin Lemert?

Back 22

a sociologist who is a labeling theorist p185

Front 23

Who is Harold Garfinkel?

Back 23

a sociologist who is a labeling theorist who said that the process of labeling an individual as deviant is usually accompanied by what he called a degradation ceremony; in some kind of public setting --such as a trial-- the individual is denounced , found guilty, and given the new identity of deviant p185

Front 24

Who is Howard Becker

Back 24

a sociologist who is a labeling theorist p185

Front 25

What sociologist described a degradation ceremony as part of the process of being labeled as deviant?

Back 25

Howard Garfinkel; p185

Front 26

What is Graham Sykes and David Matza add to Sutherland's concept of differential association?

Back 26

They noted that some people show strong commitment to society's norms yet still engage in deviance. They said that through techniques of neutralization people suspend their moral beliefs to commit deviant acts. They identified 5 techniques of neutralization p184-185

Front 27

Who identified five techniques of neutralization that allow people to suspend their moral beliefs and commit deviant acts?

Back 27

Graham Sykes and David Matza p184-185

Front 28

What are the five five techniques of neutralization that allow people to suspend their moral beliefs and commit deviant acts as proposed by Graham Sykes and David Matza?

Back 28

The five techniques of neutralization are denying, responsibility, denying injury, denying the the victim, condemning the authorities, and appealing to higher loyalties. p185

Front 29

What are five functions of deviance?

Back 29

clarifying norms, unifying the group, diffusing tension, promoting social change, and providing jobs

Front 30

How does someone come to be considered deviant?

Back 30

a person is caught committing a deviant act and then stigmatized by society

Front 31

How does the functional perspective view deviance?

Back 31

functionalists view deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structures of society

Front 32

How do the conflict theories view deviance?

Back 32

conflict theorists view deviance as the result of competition and social inequality

Front 33

How does the interactionist perspective and interactionist theories view deviance?

Back 33

Interactionists view deviance as either natural in people with weak ties to the community (control theory) or as a learned behavior (cultural transmission theory), or as a label (labeling theory)

Front 34

What is crime?

Back 34

any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government p187

Front 35

What is terrorism?

Back 35

use of or actual violence in the pursuit of political goals p191

Front 36

What is white-collar crime?

Back 36

crime that is committed by an individual or individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives p192

Front 37

What is a crime syndicate?

Back 37

a crime syndicate is a large-scale organization of professional criminals that control some type of vice or business through violence or the threat of violence p193

Front 38

What is the criminal justice system?

Back 38

The system that includes the police, courts and corrections p193

Front 39

What is police discretion?

Back 39

the power held by the police officers to decide who is actually arrested p194

Front 40

What is racial profiling?

Back 40

the practice of assuming nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans p193

Front 41

What is plea bargaining?

Back 41

process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence p 195

Front 42

What is corrections?

Back 42

a form of sanctions -- such as imprisonment, parole, and probation -- used to punish criminals p195

Front 43

What is recidivism?

Back 43

repeated criminal behavior p195

Front 44

How is violent crime characterized? What group is most common victim of this type of crime?

Back 44

violent crime includes murder, forcible rape, and robbery; most victims are African Amercan

Front 45

What is crime against property?

Back 45

crime against property includes burglary, larceny, vehicle theft; it is more common than violent crimes

Front 46

What are some examples of a victimless crime? Why is it called victimless?

Back 46

prostitution, gambling, illegal and drug use; called victimless because the offender is the only victim

Front 47

What are some examples of white-collar crime?

Back 47

fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement

Front 48

What are the five categories of crime discussed in the textbook?

Back 48

violent crime, crime against property, victim less crime, white-collar crime, and organized crime?

Front 49

What is organized crime?

Back 49

the pursuit of crime as a big business

Front 50

According to the text, what are the trends in the incidence of violent crimes and property crimes over the last few years in the US?

Back 50

they have both declined

Front 51

What are the four major components of the US justice system?

Back 51

police, courts, corrections, and juvenile-justice system

Front 52

What are four basic functions that that corrections serves?

Back 52

retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection

Front 53

What is retribution (as a function of corrections)?

Back 53

the punishing of a criminal serving as an act of revenge for the victim and society

Front 54

What is deterrence (as a function of corrections)?

Back 54

discouraging offenders from committing further crimes and to make the rest of society think twice before breaking laws

Front 55

What is rehabilitation (as a function of corrections)?

Back 55

reforming criminals so that they can return to society as law abiding citizens

Front 56

According to a US Department of Justice study, what is the rate of recidivism in the US?

Back 56

62% of released prisoners will be charged with a new crime, and 41% will return to prison within three years p195-196

Front 57

How does the labeling theory differ from other theories of deviance?

Back 57

it focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant rather than why they perform deviant acts

Front 58

What factors cause fluctuations in the crime rate?

Back 58

Factors such as changes in the population, economy, and drug-use habits.

Front 59

Why do some people question the validity of the term victimless crime?

Back 59

because while only the offenders suffer directly, such crimes can have indirect consequences for society

Front 60

How might the label of deviance act as a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Back 60

a person might come to identify him- or herself as a deviant and thus act as such