Chapter 08 - Memory

Front 1

A person's sensory memory for auditory information is also called?

Back 1

echoic memory

Front 2

According to psychologists, retroactive interference occurs when what?

Back 2

the formation of new memories interferes with the retention of previously established memories.

Front 3

As to the scientific basis of repression, modern researchers remain undecided about its ______ _______.

Back 3

scientific validity

Front 4

Chris is having trouble learning the new arrangement of the song. She often finds herself shifting to the old arrangement in the middle. This is an example of _______ ________.

Back 4

proactive interference

Front 5

Ebbinghaus investigated the time course of forgetting. in some of his studies, he forced himself to learn lists of nonsense syllables and then measured how long it took to relearn the same material after various delays. When he did this, Ebbinghaus found that the longer the delay, _________________________.

Back 5

the more time it took to relearn the material.

Front 6

Glynda listens as her roommate lists 18 things they need to buy when they go grocery shopping. As soon as her roommate is done, Glynda decides to write down the items so she won't forget anything. Based on the research into the capacity of short-term memory, you should predict that Glynda will be able to correctly write down _________________.

Back 6

between 5 and 9 of the items from the list

Front 7

If your recognition of the mugger is influenced by the clothes, race, or "attitude" of the people in a lineup because they fit your idea of "criminal," you are demonstrating the role of _______ in memory.

Back 7

schemas

Front 8

In describing memory, psychologists refer to the momentary sensory memory of a visual stimulus as _______ ________.

Back 8

Iconic memory

Front 9

Korsakoff's syndrome is caused by _____ _____.

Back 9

Alcohol Abuse

Front 10

Loftus and Palmer were investigating the reconstructive nature of human memory. They showed a video clip of a traffic accident and asked participants in their experiment to estimate how fast the cars had been traveling. For half the participants, the question contained the phrase "smashed into," and for the remainder, the question contained the phrase "contacted." Loftus and Palmer found that the participants who heard the phrase "smashed into" recalled a __________________.

Back 10

higher speed accident

Front 11

Penelope listens attentively in her college classes and translates the information into new memories. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Penelope is able to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time is ________.

Back 11

Encoding

Front 12

Psychologists use the term retrieval to refer to the processes that determine and control what?

Back 12

how memories are translated into performance

Front 13

Research by Tulving and Pearlstone that showed that participants recalled twice as many words in the cued-recall condition, when compared to the free-recall condition. This research result led to the suggestion that many instances of forgetting result from a failure to what?

Back 13

access the right type of retrieval cues

Front 14

Research indicates that the memory system that has the largest capacity is _______ ______ _______.

Back 14

Long-term memory

Front 15

Rita remembered her new 6 digit PIN number for her ATM card by noting that the first two digits were the year she was born, the second two digits were the year her son was born, and the last two digits were the year she graduated high school. When Rita creates connections of this type, she is using an encoding technique that psychologists refer to as __________.

Back 15

Elaboration

Front 16

Selma asks Dylan for directions to his house. When he tells her to turn on 4th Street, she asks what color the house is on the corner where she turns. Dylan is surprised that he actually knows the house is blue, since he never really thought about it before. The fact that Dylan recalls this information without any conscious awareness illustrates the concept of _______ _______.

Back 16

Explicit memory

Front 17

The fact that people are more likely to make "sound-alike" errors than "look-alike" errors when recalling information from short-term memory supports the idea that people tend to recode _____ _____ into an ______ _____ in short-term memory.

Back 17

visual inputs
acoustic code

Front 18

The memory system in which we hold information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting for a minute or two is called ______ ____ _______.

Back 18

Short-term memory

Front 19

The word fragment test is used to measure which of the following _______ ______.

Back 19

implicit memory

Front 20

Working memory is another name that is sometimes given to the memory system known as _____ _____ _______.

Back 20

Short-term memory

Front 21

Memory is the capacity to preserve and recover information. Information is recover through _____ ______.

Back 21

Retrieval processes

Front 22

Echoic memory is a type of ______ _______.

Back 22

Sensory Memory

Front 23

Mistakes in short-term memory are likely to involve responses that sound like one of the original items, even if the items were presented visually. From this, researchers conclude that short-term memory mostly uses an ______ _____to code information.

Back 23

Inner Voice

Front 24

The Peterson & Peterson distractor experiment originally was interpreted to mean the duration of short-term memory (without rehearsal) is

Back 24

10 - 15 seconds

Front 25

Carlos formed an image of the to-be-remembered items at specific places along a familiar path. When he needed to recall the items, he mentally walked the path and retrieved the stored images. This illustrates __________________.

Back 25

the method of loci

Front 26

Chuck listened carefully as the technician described the seven steps required to set up his new computer, but afterward, Chuck realized he remembered only the last few steps. This pattern of recall is most like the ________ ______.

Back 26

Recency Effect

Front 27

In a short-term memory task, chess masters organized a view of a chess board in terms of recognizable patterns rather than individual pieces. The technique being used is _________.

Back 27

Chunking

Front 28

You don’t really remember what you did at Thanksgiving 2 years ago, but you can give a fairly close description by using general information about holiday traditions, where you lived, and other schemas. This illustrates the __________ nature of long-term memory.

Back 28

Reconstructive

Front 29

After the phone call inviting her to the party, Marta repeated, “238 Elm, 238 Elm, 238 Elm,” until she found a pen and paper. Marta was keeping the address in short-term memory by using __________.

Back 29

Rehearsal

Front 30

Which mechanism in working memory controls how processing is allocated?

Back 30

The central executive

Front 31

Recent research suggests that memory span is determined not so much by space limitations but by ______________________.

Back 31

the rate at which items can be rehearsed in the inner voice.

Front 32

To answer the question "Who is the President of the United States?" requires primarily _____ ______

Back 32

Semantic memory

Front 33

The feature that the method of loci, the pegword method, and the linkword method have in common is the use of _______.

Back 33

imagery

Front 34

The camp counselor realized that once she learned the names of the July campers, she couldn’t remember the names of the June campers. This is an example of ________ ________.

Back 34

Retroactive Interference

Front 35

An example of an implicit memory test is a ______ ________ _______.

Back 35

Word fragment test

Front 36

Following a rape, the victim had no memory of the rape, but became very anxious if approached by a man. According to Freud’s concept of defense mechanisms and memory, this would be a case of __________.

Back 36

Repression

Front 37

Drivers who suffer head injuries in an accident often have no memory of the events just prior to the accident. This memory loss would be considered __________ _______.

Back 37

Retrograde Amnesia

Front 38

Helen reports she has a very detailed, vivid memory of what happened when she was robbed at gunpoint. This is an example of _________ _______.

Back 38

Flashbulb memory

Front 39

The current view of forgetting emphasizes _________.

Back 39

Interference

Front 40

Why did Sperling conclude that the entire stimulus display is represented in sensory memory?

Back 40

Immediate partial report performance was very accurate.

Front 41

The adaptive value of sensory memory is that it provides additional processing time after a _________ has ended.

Back 41

stimulus

Front 42

Gwen continued to hear a tone a second or so after it ended. This “phantom” tone probably represents an ________ ________.

Back 42

echoic memory

Front 43

Students who slept after studying remembered more than those who did other things during that period. This supports the importance of __________ from other _____.

Back 43

interference from other input.

Front 44

One way to increase the amount of information held in short-term memory is to use _________.

Back 44

chunking

Front 45

Which of the following is false concerning Baddeley’s model of working memory?

Back 45

Short-term memory and long-term memory are controlled by the same mechanisms.

Front 46

to help ensure a good encoding-retrieval match, learners should us ___________________ _______.

Back 46

transfer-appropriate processing

Front 47

After studying most of the morning, Gil took the practice test and got every multiple choice question right. To his surprise, he did poorly on the multiple choice exam the next day. Which of the following can best account for this difference in performance?

Back 47

Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve

Front 48

Elaboration is important because it promotes what?

Back 48

a distinctive memory record.

Front 49

Knowing how to tie your shoes depends most on ________ _______.

Back 49

procedural memory

Front 50

You are on the jury in a trial involving a fight in a bar. Based on what you know about the research conducted by Loftus and Palmer, as you listen to the various eyewitnesses you would be wise to listen very carefully to what?

Back 50

the questions that are asked of each person.

Front 51

The emergency services personnel initially read about the procedures to be used in a large-scale disaster. To complete the learning process, they took part in a mock disaster and rescued and treated “victims” as they would in a real disaster. This approach is based on the principle of ____________ ______.

Back 51

transfer-appropriate processing

Front 52

Damage to which brain area is most strongly associated with anterograde amnesia?

Back 52

the hippocampus

Front 53

Pat can only remember the events up to the time of his serious brain infection. He can’t recall anything that has happened since. If given a word to remember and then distracted for a few seconds, Pat can’t remember the word. He forgets what he had for dinner minutes afterward. Pat’s problem is _______ _______.

Back 53

anterograde amnesia

Front 54

What is sensory memory?

Back 54

An exact replica of an environmental message, which usually lasts for a second or less.

Front 55

What is short-term memory?

Back 55

A limited capacity "working memory" that we use to hold information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting on the order of a minute or two.

Front 56

What is iconic memory?

Back 56

The system that produces and stores visual sensory memories.

Front 57

What is echoic memory? and what key role does it play?

Back 57

The system that produces and stores auditory sensory memory.
Language Processing

Front 58

Sperling developed a clever procedure for studying iconic memory, what was it?

Back 58

Tachistoscope: presents visual displays for carefully controlled durations.

Front 59

What is Sperling's partial report?

Back 59

The partial report is when only part of the display is needed to be recalled. Performance was great and people almost reported the row of letters correctly.

Front 60

Efron argued that this _____ _____ was actually caused by memory - the lingering echo of echoic memory.

Back 60

Phantom tone

Front 61

What is the function of sensory memory?

Back 61

Is to maintain an exact replica of the environmental message, for a very short period, as an aid to perception.

Front 62

_____ _____ _______ is the system we use to temporarily store, think about, and reason with information. The term ________ _________ is sometimes used becaue this temporary storage system often acts as a kind of mental workplace, allowing us to store the components of a problem as we work toward a solution.

Back 62

Short-term memory
working memory

Front 63

______ ______ is supported by errors that occur during short-term recall. How do these errors work?

Back 63

inner voice
they tend to be acoustic because people typically recode the original visual input into an inner voice.

Front 64

Why do we store things over the short term in an inner voice?

Back 64

Because we're often called on to interpret and produce spoken language.

Front 65

Experiments have shown that the imagery produced by the _____ ____ may rely on the same brain mechanisms as normal visual perceptions?

Back 65

inner eye

Front 66

What is rehearsal?

Back 66

the process of internal repetition assuming that you have the time and resources to continue the rehearsal process in order to prolong memories.

Front 67

Some researchers believe that short-term memories lost spontaneously over time, through a process called _____, unless those memories are kept active through ______.

Back 67

decay
rehearsal

Front 68

Short-term forgetting is cause by _______ from new information or because people confuse current memories with past memories

Back 68

Interference

Front 69

What is memory span? and how large is the memory span?

Back 69

the number of items a person can recall in the exact order of presentation on half the tested memory trials. short-term memory span ranges between 5 to 9 incoming items.

Front 70

What is chunking?

Back 70

Involves rearranging the incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.

Front 71

The most popular current account of the short-term memory is the working memory model. What are the 3 distinct mechanisms for short-term attention.

Back 71

1: Temporary stage of acoustic and verbal information is controlled by the phonological loop. Structure used to temporarily store verbal information engaged in rehearsal - correctly responds to inner voice.

The short-term retention and processing of visual and spatial information is controlled by a different system - the visuospatial sketchpad.

Central executive controls and allocates how processing is divided across the loop and the sketchpad. The central executive determines when the loop or sketchpad will be use and coordinates their actions.

Front 72

What is long-term memory? To promote effective long-term storage, it's necessary to ______ the experience in a way that makes it easy to retrieve.

Back 72

System we use to maintain information for extended periods.
Encode

Front 73

What are episodic memories?

Back 73

Memories of this type, which tap some moment from our personal past.

Front 74

What is semantic memory?

Back 74

when you reveal what you know about the world, but make no reference whatsoever to a particular episode from your past

Front 75

What is procedural memory?

Back 75

The knowledge about how to do things. They are the simplest of all memories to recover, but they are among the most difficult for psychologists to study.

Front 76

What is elaboration?

Back 76

When you actively relate new information to the already-stored contents of long-term memory.

Front 77

Elaboration works for what two reasons?

Back 77

1 - it helps establish retrieval cues that ease later recovery
2 - it creates a distinctive memory record that stand out and is easy to identify.

Front 78

One of the easiest ways to promote elaboration is to think about the ________ of the information you want to remember.

Back 78

meaning

Front 79

What 6 forms does elaboration come in?

Back 79

Thinking about meaning
Notice Relationships
Notice Differences
Form Mental Pictures
Space Your Repetitions
Consider Sequence Position

Front 80

What is distinctiveness?

Back 80

Refers to how unique or different memory record is from other things in memory. Distinctive memory records tend to be recalled well.

Front 81

What is visual imagery?

Back 81

The processes used to construct an internal visual image.

Front 82

What is repetition?

Back 82

Repetition improves memory is not very surprising, but it might surprise you learn that repetition alone is not what leads to better memory.

Front 83

What is distributed practice?

Back 83

Spacing the repetitions of to-be-remembered information over time.

Front 84

How well items are recalled as a function of their temporal, or serial, position in a list 9 this is known as a serial position curve) What are the differences between the primacy effect and recency effect?

Back 84

primacy effect - the better memory of items near the beginning of a memorized list.
secondary effect - the better memory of items near the end of a memorized list.

Front 85

What are mnemonic devices?

Back 85

Special mental tricks developed thousands of years ago as memory aids.

Front 86

What is the method of loci?

Back 86

relies on visual imagery. you begin by choosing some real-world pathway, or route, that's easy to remember, such as moving through the rooms in your house or along some familiar route to work or school.

Front 87

What is the peg-word method?

Back 87

resembles of method of loci in that it requires you to link material to specific memory cues, but the cues are usually words rather than mental pathways. You then form an image linking the to-be-remembered material with each of the pegs.

Front 88

What is the alternative version of the peg-word method called the linkword system do?

Back 88

has been successfully to assist learning foreign language vocabulary. When thinking of the French word relate it to an English word that sounds the same.

Front 89

What are flashbulb?

Back 89

Rich memory records of the circumstances surrounding emotionally significant and surprising events.

Front 90

Why are flashbulb memories not very accurate?

Back 90

Because the emotional experience can mix with our regular account of the store. Although we think we can remember correctly, we can't.

Front 91

What is retrieval? and retrieval cues?

Back 91

Retrieval - the process of recovering previously stored memories, is guided primarily by cues, called retrieval cues, that are either generated internally or are present in the environment.

Front 92

What is the difference between free recall or cued recall?

Back 92

free recall - recall the words without cues
cued recall - given the category names to help them remember.

Front 93

once information is _______, it is available somewhere in the brain; you simply need appropriate ____ ___ to gain access.

Back 93

encoded
retrieval cues

Front 94

A retrieval cue works well only if you interpret it in the proper way. What is the proper way?

Back 94

The cue must be interpreted in a way that matches the original encoding.

Front 95

What is transfer-appropriate processing?

Back 95

The idea that likelihood of correct retrieval is increased if a person uses the same kind of mental processes during testing that he or she used during encoding.

Front 96

What are schemas? and what are the troubles with schema based remembering?

Back 96

An organized knowledge structure in long-term memory.
it can easily lead to false or inaccurate retention.

Front 97

By asking the right kinds of questions during testing, it's possible to do what?

Back 97

make people think they experienced things that did not occur.

Front 98

What is implicit memory?

Back 98

Remembering that occurs in the absence of conscious awareness or willful intent.

Front 99

What is explicit memory?

Back 99

Conscious, willful remembering.

Front 100

How does implicit memory differ from explicit memory?

Back 100

Encoding strategies that typically improve conscious, willful remembering often have little or no effect on implicit memory.

Front 101

What is forgetting?

Back 101

The loss of accessibility to previously stored material, is one of the most important and adaptive properties of your memory system.