Chapter 6 Memory

Front 1

Encoding

Back 1

Getting sensory info into a form the brain can use.

Front 2

Storage

Back 2

Hold on to info for some period of time.

Front 3

Retrieval

Back 3

Getting info that people know they have out of storage.

Front 4

Information Processing Model

Back 4

Model of memory that assumes that the processing of info for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of 3 stages.

Front 5

Parallel Distributed Processing Model

Back 5

A model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.

Front 6

Levels-of-Processing Model

Back 6

Model of memory that assumes information that is more “deeply processed,” or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time.

Front 7

Sensory Memory

Back 7

First stage of memory, the point at which info enters the nervous system through the sensory systems. All info lost within a second or so.

Front 8

Iconic Memory

Back 8

Visual sensory memory that only lasts a fraction of a second.

Front 9

Eidetic Memory

Back 9

“Photographic” memory.

Front 10

Echoic Memory

Back 10

Brief memory of something a person has heard. Ex: “I think I’ve heard that before” “What phenomenon”.

Front 11

Short-Term Memory

Back 11

If incoming sensory message is important enough it will move from sensory memory to here can be held for 30 seconds or more.

Front 12

Selective Attention

Back 12

Ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

Front 13

Cocktail-Party Effect (Broadbent)

Back 13

A kind of “bottleneck” occurs between sensory memory and short-term memory. Only a stimulus that is important enough will move past this.

Front 14

Cocktail-Party Effect (Broadbent)

Back 14

A kind of “bottleneck” occurs between sensory memory and short-term memory. Only a stimulus that is important enough will move past this.

Front 15

Treisman Cocktail-Party Effect

Back 15

Similar to Broadbent’s theory but instead she suggests that the stimulus instead of moving to short-term memory or being lost, there is only a lessening if the “signal strength”.

Front 16

Working Memory

Back 16

An active system that processes the info in short-term memory.

Front 17

WM: Central Executive, Visual Sketchpad, Auditory Recorder

Back 17

CE: interpreter for both visual and auditory info.

AR: plays dialogue in a persons head.

VS: creates images of dialogue in your head (imagination).

Front 18

Digit-Span Test

Back 18

Series of numbers is read to subjects then they are asked to recite them back in order. “Digits”- #of things I’m working memory.

Front 19

Long-Term Memory

Back 19

Holds memory for the longest amount of time. There is a physical change in your brain when a memory is made so chances are you have many long-term memories that just aren’t accessible.

Front 20

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 20

Way of transferring info from STM to LTM by making that info meaningful in some way.

Front 21

Nondeclarative Memory (Implicit)

Back 21

Memories for things that people know how to do. Ex: riding a bike, tying your shoes..

Front 22

Nondeclarative Memory (Implicit)

Back 22

Memories for things that people know how to do. Ex: riding a bike, tying your shoes..

Front 23

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 23

Long-term declarative memories can’t be formed. Most commonly due to damage in the hippocampus.

Front 24

Declarative Memory (Explicit)

Back 24

All the things that people can know, the facts and info that make up knowledge.

Front 25

Semantic Network Model

Back 25

Assumes info is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with concepts that are related to each other stored physically closer than those not highly related.

Front 26

Retrieval Cue

Back 26

A stimulus for remembering. Ex: String wrapped around your finger.

Front 27

Encoding Specificity

Back 27

Tendency for memory of any kind of info to be improved if retrieval cue is similar to the conditions under which the info was encoded.

Front 28

Recall

Back 28

Memories are retrieved with few or no external cues

Front 29

Recognition

Back 29

Looking at or hearing info and matching it to what is already in memory.

Front 30

Recognition

Back 30

Ability to match a piece of info or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.

Front 31

Automatic Encoding

Back 31

LTM seem to enter permanent storage with little or no effort.

Front 32

Constructive Processing

Back 32

Referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer info.

Front 33

Misinformation Effect

Back 33

Misleading info can become part of actual memory, affecting its accuracy.

Front 34

Misinformation Effect

Back 34

Misleading info can become part of actual memory, affecting its accuracy.

Front 35

Curve of Forgetting

Back 35

A graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then it tapers off gradually.

Front 36

Distributed Practice

Back 36

Spacing out study sessions will produce better retrieval than cramming

Front 37

Encoding Failure

Back 37

Failure to process info into memory.

Front 38

Memory Trace

Back 38

Some physical change in the brain, perhaps in a neuron or in the activity between neurons, which occur when a memory is formed.

Front 39

Memory Trace

Back 39

Some physical change in the brain, perhaps in a neuron or in the activity between neurons, which occur when a memory is formed.

Front 40

Decay

Back 40

Loss of memory due to passage of time, during which the memory trace isn’t used.

AKA: Disuse

Front 41

Proactive Interference

Back 41

The tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the learning and subsequent retrieval of new material.

Front 42

Retroactive Interference

Back 42

Newer info interferes with retrieval of older info.

Front 43

Consolidation

Back 43

The changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed.

Front 44

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 44

Loss of memory from point of injury backward.

Front 45

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 45

Loss of memories from the point of injury or illness forward.

Front 46

Alzheimer’s Disease

Back 46

Most common type of dementia 60-80% primary memory problem is anterograde amnesia.

Front 47

Infantile Amnesia

Back 47

Can’t remember things that happened to you before age 3.

Front 48

Autobiographical Memory

Back 48

Memory for events and facts related to one’s personal life story.