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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Science |
- from the Latin word "scientia" - both a body of knowledge and a process |
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Technology |
- from the Greek words "techne" and "logos" - application of scientific knowledge |
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• Physical science • Earth science • Life science |
What are the three main branches of science? |
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Physics |
The study of matter and energy. |
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Chemistry |
The study of composition and interaction of matter. |
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Astronomy |
The study of the universe beyond Earth's atmosphere. |
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Geology |
The study of the Earth. |
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Paleontology |
The science of the forms of life existed in prehistoric or geologic periods. |
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Meteorology |
Deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena. |
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Botany |
Study of plants |
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Zoology |
Study of animals |
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Genetics |
The study of heredity |
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Measurement |
A process of comparing quantity with a chosen standard. |
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Scalar quantities |
A quantity fully described by magnitude alone. |
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Vector quantities |
A quantity fully described by magnitude and direction. |
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Law of Conservation of Energy |
- energy can be transferred from one form to another. - the total amount of energy is constant. |
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Potential energy |
Stored energy in any object by virtue of its position. |
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Kinetic energy |
Refers to the energy an object has because of its motion; energy in motion. |
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Mechanical energy |
The total energy possessed by an object due to its motion and position. |
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Electrical energy |
Energy caused by the movement of electrons. |
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Light energy |
- consists of photons, which are produced when an object's atoms heat up. - travels fastest in vacuum. |
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Chemical energy |
Energy stored within the bonds of molecules. |
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Sound energy |
- the movement of energy through substances. - travels fastest in solid. |
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Heat Transfer |
Refers to the flow of heat from the warmer body to cooler body until the temperature becomes equal. |
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• Conduction • Convection • Radiation |
What are the three ways of heat transfer? |
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Conduction |
This refers to the transfer of heat by direct contact. |
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Convection |
This refers to the transfer of heat by sheets or currents of moving fluids due to its different temperature. |
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Radiation |
This refers to the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves from a heat source. |
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Insulators |
Substances that do not allow electric current to flow through them easily. |
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Matter |
Any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. |
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Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma, and Bose- Einstein Condensates |
What are the phases of matter? |
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Melting |
PHASE CHANGESolid to liquid [melting, sublimation, freezing, vaporization/evaporation, condensation, deposition] |
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Sublimation |
PHASE CHANGESolid to gas[melting, sublimation, freezing, vaporization/evaporation, condensation, deposition] |
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Freezing |
PHASE CHANGE Liquid to solid [melting, sublimation, freezing, vaporization/evaporation, condensation, deposition] |
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Vaporization/evaporation |
PHASE CHANGE Liquid to gas [melting, sublimation, freezing, vaporization/evaporation, condensation, deposition] |
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Condensation |
PHASE CHANGE Gas to liquid[melting, sublimation, freezing, vaporization/evaporation, condensation, deposition] |
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Physical change |
- refers to the change in the phase or state of a substance. - chemical composition remains unchanged. |
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Chemical change |
- change in composition of its molecules - properties of the original substance are lost. - new substances with new properties are produced. - a chemical reaction occurs. |
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Nucleus |
SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES
It consists of protons and neutrons and contains the most atomic mass.
[Nucleus, Proton, Neutron, Electron] |
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Proton |
SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES
It carries a positive electric charge (positively charged).
[Nucleus, Proton, Neutron, Electron] |
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Electrons |
SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES
It carries a negative electric charge (negatively charged).
[Nucleus, Proton, Neutron, Electron] |
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Atomic Number |
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Mass number |
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Chemical Bonds |
Hold molecules together and create temporary connections that are essential to life. |
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Octet Rule |
This rule states that atoms prefer having eight electrons in their valence shell. |
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Valence electrons |
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. |
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Noble gases |
Have full valence electron shells; these elements are stable; unlikely to form chemical bonds. |
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Ionic Bonds |
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS This refers to the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. [Ionic Bonds, Metallic Bonds, Covalent Bonds] |
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Metallic Bonds |
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
It holds atoms together in a metallic substance; occur among metal atoms.
[Ionic Bonds, Metallic Bonds, Covalent Bonds] |
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Covalent Bonds |
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
It involves sharing of electrons between nonmetals.
[Ionic Bonds, Metallic Bonds, Covalent Bonds] |
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Organic Compounds |
Compounds characterized by the presence of carbon. |
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Inorganic Compounds |
Compounds characterized by the absence of carbon. |
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Monosaccharides |
Monomer of carbohydrates |
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Fatty acids |
Monomer of lipids |
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Amino acid |
Monomer of proteins |
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Nucleotides |
Monomer of nucleic acid |
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Carbohydrates |
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - provides an immediate energy source for the body. - short-term energy [Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids] |
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Lipids |
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Source of long-term energy; stored energy. [Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids] |
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Proteins |
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - for building structures of the body. - for immunity. - for transport of substances.
[Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids] |
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Nucleic acids |
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - genetic makeup (e.g. DNA, RNA) [Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids] |
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Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and Organisms |
What are the 5 levels of organization? |
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Vacuole |
ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Present in plant cells only; storage |
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Ribosomes |
ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Site of protein synthesis |
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Golgi apparatus |
ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Sorts and packages proteins from rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Mitochondria |
ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP for cell |
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Lysosomes |
ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Digests foreign substance and worn out organelles; suicide bag |
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Nucleus |
ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Control center; holds DNA |
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Nucleolus |
ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Site of ribosome synthesis |
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Cell membrane |
ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Outer membrane of cell; controls what goes in and out. |
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Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Linn) |
- Father of Modern Taxonomy - scientific names |
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Alexander Fleming |
- Father of Antibiotics - discovered antibiotics; Penicillium Notatum - from a fungi with a scientific name 'penicillium' - serendipity |
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Leeuwenhoek |
Father of Microscopy |
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Gregor Mendel |
Father of Genetics |
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Louis Pasteur |
Father of Microbiology |
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Cellular Respiration |
- the process by which food, in the form of sugar (glucose), is transformed into energy within cells. - takes place in mitochondria. |
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1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb's cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) |
What are the three stages of cellular respiration? |
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Anion |
Negatively charged ions |
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Heterotroph |
An organism that consumes other organisms in a food chain. |
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Carnivore |
Meat-eating organisms |
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Herbivore |
Plant-eating organisms |
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Omnivore |
Eats both meat and plants. |
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Nerve cells/Neurons |
The longest cell of the body. |
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Aorta |
Largest artery |
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Arteries |
Carries oxygenated blood; carries blood away from the heart. |
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Sugar |
The final product of photosynthesis. |
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Oxygen |
The waste product of photosynthesis. |
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Veins |
Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart. |
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Blood Type O |
Universal donor |
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Blood Type AB+ |
Universal recipient |
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Commensalism |
SYMBIOSIS
One species benefits while the other is unaffected.
[Commensalism, Predation, Parasitism, Competition] |
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Parasitism |
SYMBIOSIS One species benefits while one is harmed. [Commensalism, Predation, Parasitism, Competition] |
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Competition |
SYMBIOSIS Neither benefits. [Commensalism, Predation, Parasitism, Competition] |
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Predation |
SYMBIOSIS One species benefits while the other dies. [Commensalism, Predation, Parasitism, Competition] |
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Kyoto Protocol |
Aims to reduce greenhouse emissions. |
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Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age |
What are the 3 age systems in the ancient history of Science and Technology? |
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Paleolithic Age |
ANCIENT HISTORY (Stone Age) A period when people are living nomadically in caves; uses basic stone tools for hunting; controlled fire. [Paleolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, Neolithic Age] |
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Mesolithic Age |
ANCIENT HISTORY (Stone Age) A period when people are living as settlers in villages near rivers; learned fishing and introduced agriculture. [Paleolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, Neolithic Age] |
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Neolithic Age |
ANCIENT HISTORY (Stone Age) A period when people are living permanently as settlers in villages near rivers; advanced forming, home construction and art; domesticate animals for food. [Paleolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, Neolithic Age] |
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Smelting |
ANCIENT HISTORY (Bronze Age) The extraction of metal from its ore by a process involving heating and melting. |
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Sumerians and Babylonians |
ANCIENT HISTORY (Bronze Age) The two human societies in Mesopotamia |
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Bronze |
ANCIENT HISTORY (Bronze Age) Sumerians discovered blending copper and tin to make [...]. |
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Bronze Age |
ANCIENT HISTORY - tools and weapons were widely made of copper and bronze. - ended when humans began to forge an even stronger metal: iron. [Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age] |
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Stone Age |
ANCIENT HISTORY - weapons were made of stone. [Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age] |
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Persians |
ANCIENT HISTORY (Iron Age) The first civilization to develop an armored cavalry. |
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Thales |
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (Pre-Socratic Philosophers) He assumed Earth to be floating on water. [Thales, Anaximenes, Democritus, Pythagoras, Hippocrates] |
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Anaximenes |
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (Pre-Socratic Philosophers) Air is the primary substance. [Thales, Anaximenes, Democritus, Pythagoras, Hippocrates] |
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Democritus |
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (Pre-Socratic Philosophers) Atoms as indestructible. [Thales, Anaximenes, Democritus, Pythagoras, Hippocrates] |
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Hippocrates |
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (Pre-Socratic Philosophers) Father of Medicine; Hippocratic Oath [Thales, Anaximenes, Democritus, Pythagoras, Hippocrates] |
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Socrates |
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (Socratic Philosophers)
Contributes through dialogues using Socratic method. [Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, Aristarchus, Herophilus, Euclid, Archimedes] |
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Plato |
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (Socratic Philosophers) - coined the term 'element'. - established the Academy. - used abstract geometry models. [Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, Aristarchus, Herophilus, Euclid, Archimedes] |
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Aristotle |
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (Socratic Philosophers) - Father of Biology - established Lyceum - introduced the Inductive Method [Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, Aristarchus, Herophilus, Euclid, Archimedes] |
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Aristarchus |
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (Socratic Philosophers) Originally proposed the Sun-centered universe (Heliocentrism) [Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, Aristarchus, Herophilus, Euclid, Archimedes] |
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Euclid |
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (Socratic Philosophers) Father of Modern Geometry [Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, Aristarchus, Herophilus, Euclid, Archimedes] |
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Archimedes |
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (Socratic Philosophers) Father of Mathematics [Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, Aristarchus, Herophilus, Euclid, Archimedes] |
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Middle Ages |
- also known as "Medieval Ages" - Fall of Roman empire and beginning of Renaissance |
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Gunpowder, papermaking, printing, compass, mechanical clock |
EARLY/DARK MIDDLE AGES The contribution of China in Science |
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• Recognition of 0 in Math • Introduction of decimal system |
EARLY/DARK MIDDLE AGES The contribution of India in Science and Math |
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Arab Science |
EARLY/DARK MIDDLE AGES - they preserved Ptolemy's Astronomy and other works of the ancient times. - discovered borax |
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St. Thomas Aquinas |
HIGH MIDDLE AGES
Founder of Scholastic School |
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Water Wheel |
HIGH MIDDLE AGES The most important source of mechanical power in Europe. |
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Black Death |
HIGH MIDDLE AGES A bubonic plague pandemic caused by the plague bacterium (Yersinia pestis) carried by fleas living on black rats. |
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Modern Ages |
It is when the scientific revolution began. |
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Renaissance |
MODERN AGES
It is when many experiments were performed. |
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Scientific Method |
MODERN AGES (Renaissance) It refers to a scientific process based on observation and experimentation popularized by Francis Bacon. |
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Printing press |
MODERN AGES (Renaissance) Discovered by Johannes Gutenburg |
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Bible |
MODERN AGES (Renaissance) The most printed book. |
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Leonardo da Vinci |
MODERN AGES (Renaissance) Known for his engineering of canal locks. |
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Johannes Kepler |
MODERN AGES (Renaissance) - Law of Planetary Motion - planet's orbit is elliptical. - the speed at which it travels determines the time it takes to complete one revolution around the Sun. |
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Tycho Brahe |
MODERN AGES (Renaissance)
- the first to describe the 1572 Supernova. - believes that the Sun and Moon revolved around the Earth and other planets (Geo-heliocentric). |
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Carolus Linnaeus |
MODERN AGES (Renaissance) Binomial System of Nomenclature |
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Isaac Newton |
MODERN AGES (Renaissance) - Laws of Motion (Law of Inertia, Law of Acceleration, Law of Action-Reaction - Law of Gravity (universal gravitation) - Nature of white light - introduced calculus together with Leibniz. |
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Charles Darwin |
MODERN AGES (Renaissance) - Father of Evolution - living things evolved from earlier forms of life by the process of natural selection. - published "Origin of Species". |
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Sigmund Freud |
MODERN AGES (Renaissance)
- Psychoanalysis Theory - Psychosexual Stages of Development - ego psychology |
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Pre-Colonial Period |
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES - simple tools and weapons from stone - medicinal plants - traded with China and Vietnam - field terraces - cultivated lowlands |
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Spanish Colonial Period |
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES - formal introduction of Science and Technology in the country - established schools for boys and girls. - involved into primary agricultural exporting economy. |
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Jesuits |
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES (Spanish Colonial Period)
Who discovered the Manila observatory? |
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Fr. Federico Faura |
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES (Spanish Colonial Period) He issued the first public typhoon warning. |
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American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era |
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES - extensive public education system - granting of scholarships - Bureau of Science was renamed to Institute of Science |
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Marcos Era and Martial Law |
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
• PD No. 78 s. of 1972 - established the PAGASA • Philippine Atomic Energy Commission • Philippine National Oil Company |
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Fidel Ramos |
FIFTH REPUBLIC
Contributions: • crafted the STAND (Science and Technology Agenda for National Development) • RA 8439 - Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel • increased personnel specializing Science and Technology • Intellectual Property Code
[Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Benigno Aquino III] |
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Joseph Estrada |
FIFTH REPUBLIC Contributions: • RA 8749 - Clean Air Act of 1999 • RA 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act
[Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Benigno Aquino III] |
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Gloria Macapagal Arroyo |
FIFTH REPUBLIC Contributions: • "Golden Age" of Philippine Science and Technology • RA 9637 - Biofuel Act of 2006 [Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Benigno Aquino III] |
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Benigno Aquino III |
FIFTH REPUBLIC Contributions: • Recognized scientific researcher [Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Benigno Aquino III] |
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Angel Alcala |
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS RECOGNIZED BY PNOY Marine biology research [Angel Alcala, Gavino Trono, Ramon Barba, Edgardo Gomez] |
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Gavino Trono |
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS RECOGNIZED BY PNOY Seaweed species [Angel Alcala, Gavino Trono, Ramon Barba, Edgardo Gomez] |
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Ramon Barba |
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS RECOGNIZED BY PNOY Induction of flowering of mango [Angel Alcala, Gavino Trono, Ramon Barba, Edgardo Gomez] |
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Edgardo Gomez |
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS RECOGNIZED BY PNOY National conservation of coral reefs[Angel Alcala, Gavino Trono, Ramon Barba, Edgardo Gomez] |
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Gregorio Zara |
FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE Invented the first two-way videophone. [Abelardo Aguilar, Gregorio Zara, Fabian Dayrit, Diosdado Banatao, Fe del Mundo] |
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Diosdado Banatao |
FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE Invented the first single-chip graphical use interface accelerator also known as 16-Bit Microchip (for internet). [Abelardo Aguilar, Gregorio Zara, Fabian Dayrit, Diosdado Banatao, Fe del Mundo] |
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Fe del Mundo |
FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE Invented the incubator. [Abelardo Aguilar, Gregorio Zara, Fabian Dayrit, Diosdado Banatao, Fe del Mundo] |
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Eudaimonia |
THE HUMAN FLOURISHING - "good spirited" - the pinnacle of happiness |
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Flourishing |
THE HUMAN FLOURISHING The highest good of human attempt to achieve his/her goal. |
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Western Civilization |
THE HUMAN FLOURISHING Focuses on the own self; individual flourishing. |
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Eastern Civilization |
THE HUMAN FLOURISHING Community-centric |
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Materialism |
Comfort, pleasure, and wealth are the only highest goals. |
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Hedonism |
Sees the end goal in life in attaining pleasure; Epicurus' ethics. |
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Stoicism |
• Asserts virtue is happiness. • Marcus Aurelius - apathy; "You have power over your mind - not outside events. Realize this, and you will find strength." |
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Monotheism |
The belief that there is only one God. |
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Polytheism |
The belief in or worship of more than one God. |
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Humanism |
Human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape their own lives. |
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Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton |
He proposed the use of cathode-ray tubes for both transmitting and receiving images. |
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Martin Cooper |
Inventor of the first handheld cellular mobile phone known as the "Motorola". |
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Charles Babbage |
Father of Modern Computer; credited with having conceived the first automatic digital computer. |
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Osborne 1 |
The first commercially successful portable computer/laptop. |
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Robot |
An actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a degree of autonomy, moving within its environment, to perform intended tasks. |
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Personal robot |
For non-commercial tasks. |
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21st Century |
A period considered as the Computer Age. |
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Claude Shannon |
Father of Information Age |
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Gene Therapy |
A technique that uses genes to treat or cure a disease or medical disorder. |
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In vivo |
Introducing DNA directly into cells while they are in the patient. |
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Genetic Engineering |
Alter the DNA makeup of an organism (e.g. golden rice, BT-corn). |
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Gene |
Basic unit of inheritance. |
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20,000 protein-coding genes |
How many protein-coding genes do humans have? |
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Biodiversity |
Variety of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms that make up our natural world. |
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6th Mass Extinction |
Reduction on biodiversity since the emergence of humans. |
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Nanoscience |
The study of structures and molecules on the scales of nanometers ranging between 1 and 100 nm. |
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Nanotechnology |
The application or techniques on matter on a near atomic scale to produce new materials and devices. |
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Richard Feynman |
Father of Nanotechnology |
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Climate Change |
Long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns. |
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Energy Crisis |
- foreseeable end of the cycle of oil, gas, and coal. - mismatch between energy supply and demand. |
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Alternative Energy |
- energy sources other than fossil fuels (e.g. nuclear power) - address concerns of high carbon emission. |
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Angat Dam |
Major source of hydropower in the Philippines. |
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Solar Power |
Geographically located in a region that receives a high amount of sunlight each year. |
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Wind Power |
Onshore facilities or power sites in the Philippines. |
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Biomass Power |
Energy derived from plants and animals. |
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Integumentary System |
Refers to the body's outer layer and its first line of defense against bacteria. |
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Deposition |
PHASE CHANGE Gas to solid [melting, sublimation, freezing, vaporization/evaporation, condensation, deposition] |
