Cardiovascular System: Blood & Blood Vessels

Front 1

what is the normal blood pH?

Back 1

average is 7.4; normal range is 7.35-7.45

Front 2

list the 4 major functions associated with the blood

Back 2

1. transport

2. temperature regulation

3. clotting [coagulation]

4. protection

Front 3

list the 2 major blood components

Back 3

plasma & formed elements

Front 4

what is the function of the plasma solute fibrinogen?

Back 4

major clotting protein

Front 5

what are the functions of the plasma solute albumin

Back 5

maintains osmotic pressure & transports free fatty acids

Front 6

state the function of the plasma solute gamma globulin

Back 6

antibodies--- they inactivate foreign antigens

Front 7

define the term "serum"

Back 7

the fluid left after the plasma clots [no clotting factors are present in serum]

Front 8

list the 3 types of formed elements found in the blood

Back 8

1. erythrocytes

2. thrombocytes

3. leukocytes

Front 9

which of the formed elements has the highest concentration?

Back 9

erythrocytes

Front 10

list the major functions associated with RBCs

Back 10

blood gas [oxygen & carbon dioxide] transport

Front 11

describe the structure of RBCs

Back 11

biconcave discs that are anucleate [no nucleus--- cannot reproduce]

Front 12

contrast the terms "erythropoiesis" and "hemopoiesis"

Back 12

erythropoiesis is the formations of RBCs

hemopoiesis is the formation of whole blood

Front 13

list the 2 organs responsible for removing worn-out RBCs

Back 13

liver & spleen

Front 14

list 2 important dietary factors for the synthesis of RBCs and state what each is used for

Back 14

vitamin B12 --- for DNA synthesis

folic acid --- for hemoglobin

Front 15

state the function of platelets

Back 15

clotting

Front 16

list the 5 steps of hemostasis

Back 16

1. vasoconstriction
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation
4. clot retraction
5. clot lysis

Front 17

define the 5 steps of hemostasis

Back 17

1. vasoconstriction - vascular spasm

2. platelet plug formation - platelets accumulate

3. coagulation

4. clot retraction - pulls in tight; fibrin fibers shorten

5. clot lysis - clot breaks up; blood enzymes [plasmin aka fibrinolysin] dissolve the clot

Front 18

list the 3 major stages in the coagulation pathway

Back 18

1. form the enzyme prothrombinase [intrinsic and extrinsic pathways]

2. prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin [thrombin activates earlier factors --- where positive feedback comes in]

3. thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin [fibrin inactivates thrombin to keep clot from spreading]

Front 19

list and describe the 2 pathways leading to the formation of prothrombinase

Back 19

intrinsic & extrinsic:

Front 20

list the 2 major categories of white blood cells

Back 20

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Front 21

list the 3 granulocytes, along with a description and the function(s) connected with each

Back 21

neutrophil [pink granules with neutral stain; 2-5 lobes to nucleus; polymorphonuclear; most predominate; function: phagocytes]

eosinophil [coarse, red granules with eosin stain; functions: help fight parasites, help control inflammation & allergic reactions]

basophil [dark blue/purple granules with basic stain; functions: heparin - anticoagulant, histamine - produce allergic type of reactions and attract more blood to the area]

Front 22

state another name for neutrophils

Back 22

polymorphonuclear

Front 23

list the 2 agranulocytes along with a description and the function(s) connected with each

Back 23

monocyte [largest WBC; indented nucleus; function: enlarge to become macrophage "big eater" phagocyte]

lymphocyte [thin cytoplasmic rim; mature in lyphatic tissues -- they learn to distinguish between your own cells and foreign cells]

Front 24

state the direction of blood flow through arteries

Back 24

arteries carry blood away from the heart

Front 25

list the 3 layers of the arterial wall from the inside out

Back 25

tunica intima --> tunica media --> tunica adventitia

Front 26

define the term "vasa vasora"

Back 26

vessels of the vessels -- smaller blood vessels within the blood vessel

Front 27

list the division of the nervous system which controls vasodilation/vasoconstriction

Back 27

sympathetic nervous system [fight or flight]

Front 28

state the major function associated with the arterioles

Back 28

control blood flow into capillary beds "perfusion"

Front 29

list the 2 major functions associated with capillaries

Back 29

gas exchange & filtration

Front 30

state the direction of blood flow through veins

Back 30

veins carry blood to the heart

Front 31

list the venous structures which allow for one-way flow

Back 31

bi-leaflet valves

Front 32

list the 2 major functions associated with veins

Back 32

return blood to the heart, blood reservoir

Front 33

list 4 factors involved in Poiseuille's Law and state how each affects blood flow

Back 33

pressure - determined by heart pumping

radius - determined by muscles in the vessels

length - determined by arterioles (pre-capillary sphincters)

viscosity - determined by how much water content is in the blood

increase P or R --> blood flow goes up
decrease P or R --> blood flow goes down

increase L or V --> blood flow goes down
decrease L or V --> blood flow goes up