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11 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is transported by the blood?
nutrients, carbon dioxide, oxygen, hormones, antibodies, urea, heat
What is the blood composed of?
plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platlets
Describe the relationship between structure and function in capillaries.
1. Between arterioles and venules. Blood here is under low pressure (because the total volume of blood has been split into many, many capillaries). The capillaries’ job is to exchange substances with interstitial fluid surrounding all of the body’s cells 2. Inner wall is smooth to reduce resistance to blood flow B. Only a single layer of cells so that the diffusion distance in or out is very small C. Pores (small openings) between some of the cells allow some of the plasma to leak out to form tissue fluid (interstitial fluid). D. The opening (lumen) is very narrow, making the diameter of the capillary very small so it can fit in tiny spaces. E. By having many, many smaller capillaries rather than a few larger ones, there is a larger surface area of capillaries in the body…this makes exchange of oxygen, nutrients, etc. more efficient
Describe the relationship between structure and function in arteries.
1. Move blood away from heart. Blood here is under a much higher pressure than in the vein (due to the high pressure caused by pumping by the heart) 2. Wall made of endothelium, muscle and connective tissue A. Endothelium (inner layer) is smooth to reduce resistance to blood flow B. The muscle + connective tissue wall is thicker than in veins, which makes it strong....important since the blood going through arteries is under higher pressure C. Thick muscular wall (which can be controlled by the nervous system and hormones) can control blood flow to different parts of your body…for instance towards/away from your skin depending on the outside temperature. D. Thick layer of connective tissue (with elastic fibers) allows the artery to stretch and recoil. The ability to recoil between contractions helps maintain blood pressure and avoid damage to blood vessels E. Narrower diameter to help maintain blood pressure 3. No valves (unlike veins)
Describe the relationship between structure and function in veins.
1. Move blood toward the heart. Blood here is under a much lower pressure than in the arteries 2. Wall made of endothelium, muscle and connective tissue: A. Endothelium (inner layer) is smooth to reduce resistance to blood flow B. The muscle + connective tissue layer (with elastic fibers) is thinner than in arteries, which makes it less strong. The vein does not need to be as strong because the blood it carries is under lower pressure. Also, the thin wall can be pressed flat by adjacent skeletal muscles to help move the blood. C. Muscular wall (thinner than in arteries) contracts rhythmically to help move low-pressure blood through the veins, even if the direction of blood flow is against gravity. D. Layer of connective tissue which allows the vein to stretch and recoil.
What is atherosclerosis? How does it occur?
Disease in which arteries become partially or completely blocked. If the artery is partially blocked, blood flow is reduced so blood pressure is increased. It happens like this… 1. Arteries are damaged 2. Cholesterol (a lipid) forms a deposit on the inside of the artery (in the lumen)…this is what reduces blood flow. The deposit has a rough surface. 3. The artery becomes less elastic and may harden due
What are the possible results of atherosclerosis?
1) The rough inner surface of the artery makes blood clots form…this process of forming a clot in a blood vessel is called thrombosis 2) If the clot blocks an artery, blood can’t flow to its normal destination, so part of the body does not get oxygen. This part of the body will become weakened and then die. If this happens in the heart it is called a heart attack.
What causes a heart attack?
A clot of a coronary artery (artery which supplies blood to the heart). The part of the cardiac muscle heart normally supplied by that artery weakens and stops contracting.
What characteristics distinguish arteries from other vessels?
thick muscular wall, lots of connectiive tissue, no valves
What characteristics distinguish veins from other vessels?
valves present, thinner muscular and connective tissue walls
What characteristics distinguish capillaries from other vessels?
single layer of cells in endothelium, lacks thick muscular and connective tissue wall