Cardiopulmonary A & P Chapters 1 & 2

Front 1

What term is used to note the difference between inspiratory lung volume and expiratory lung volume at any given pressure?

Back 1

Hysteresis.

Front 2

The presence of surfactant in the alveoli tends to do what?

Back 2

Decrease surface tension.

Front 3

What does 0.20 L/cm H2O represent?

Back 3

Normal lung compliance.

Front 4

What does change in pressure/flow represent?

Back 4

How airway resistance(RAW) is calculated.

Front 5

What factors affect Raw?

Back 5

Pattern of gas flow(laminar vs turbulent), characteristics of the gas being breathed and diameter and length of the airways.

Front 6

What will cause an increase in the pressure energy required for inspiration?

Back 6

Increased flow, increased resistance and increased volume.

Front 7

Regional factors affecting the distribution of gas in the normal lung result in what?

Back 7

More ventilation goes to the bases and lung periphery.

Front 8

Majority of airway resistance in the normal lung is caused by what?

Back 8

The diameter or shape & branching of the airways.

Front 9

As an individual's Deadspace Volume(VD) increases, alveolar ventilation does what?

Back 9

Increases.

Front 10

That part of the respiratory tract or the air within the respiratory tract that does not exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with pulmonary capillary blood, is called.

Back 10

Respiratory Deadspace or Ventilation Deadspace.

Front 11

As a person's lung compliance decreases or the elastic recoil properties of the lung increase, what happens to the work of breathing?

Back 11

It decreases.

Front 12

The change in Volume/change in pressure represents the mathmatical equation for what?

Back 12

Lung Compliance.

Front 13

In a healthy lung, when an alveolus increases in size, then?

Back 13

The surfactant to alveolar surface area decreases.

Front 14

During normal breathing the thorax expands when the diaphragm contracts causing intrapleural pressure to do what?

Back 14

Decrease.

Front 15

During exhalation, alveolar pressure is more positive than what?

Back 15

Mouth pressure.

Front 16

Inspiration ends when equilibrium is reached between atmospheric(mouth) pressure and what?

Back 16

Alveolar pressure.

Front 17

In order for air flow to occur in the lung, what has to be there?

Back 17

There must be a pressure gradient.

Front 18

Natural recoil tendency of the lung following expansion is called?

Back 18

Elastance.

Front 19

What does 100 ml/cm H2O represent?

Back 19

Average compliance of the lungs and chest wall combined.

Front 20

Normally, as alveoli reach their total filling capacity, the lung compliance does what?

Back 20

Decreases.

Front 21

Deadspace can be defined as what kind of ventilation?

Back 21

Wasted.

Front 22

What does RR x VT represent?

Back 22

The equation for Minute Ventilation(VE with a .(dot) over the V).

Front 23

Will Bronchoconstriction and secretion accumulation cause an increase or a derease in airway resistance?

Back 23

Increase.

Front 24

The pressure difference between mouth pressure and alveolar pressure is called?

Back 24

Transairway Pressure.

Front 25

The difference between the alveolar pressure and pleural pressure is called?

Back 25

Transpulmonary Pressure.

Front 26

During inspiration the thoracic volume increases and the intrapleural & intra-alveolar pressures do what?

Back 26

Decrease.

Front 27

During expiration the intra-alveolar pressure is always what?

Back 27

More positive than atmospheric pressure.

Front 28

If during expiration the intra-alveolar pressure is always more positive than atmospheric pressure, than what does the intrapleural pressure do?

Back 28

It goes below atmospheric pressure during expiration.

Front 29

Elastic properties of lung tissue and surface tension from fluid in the alveoli is considered to be what?

Back 29

The 2 major static forces of the lungs.

Front 30

The calculation of lung compliance is defined as?

Back 30

The change in volume per change in pressure.

Front 31

When a volume pressure curve moves to the right, the lung compliance is what?

Back 31

Decreased.

Front 32

When alveoli approach their total filling capacity, lung compliance then?

Back 32

Decreases.

Front 33

Lungs with high compliance have what type of elastance?

Back 33

Low.

Front 34

When Hookes Law is applied to the elastic properties of the lungs, what is substituted for length and what for force?

Back 34

Volume is substituted for length and pressure for force.

Front 35

Molecular cohesive force at the liquid-gas interface is called?

Back 35

Surface Tension.

Front 36

P=2ST/r represents LaPlace's Law which shows what?

Back 36

That the distending pressure of a liquid bubble is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to the diameter or radius.

Front 37

During formation of a new bubble or substituting the intial opening of fluid filled alveoli, the principles of LaPlace's Law do not come into effect until the distending pressure of the liquid sphere goes beyond what?

Back 37

The critical opening pressure.

Front 38

As a liquid bubble(alveoli) increases in size, what happens to surface tension?

Back 38

It increases.

Front 39

Pulmonary surfactant is produced by?

Back 39

Alveolar Type II cells.

Front 40

Since the term "Dynamic" refers to movement or forces in action, then in the lungs what would it refer to?

Back 40

Movement of gases through the airways.

Front 41

Based on Poiseuille's Law with all other variables remaining the same: as pressure increases what happens?

Back 41

Flow increases.

Front 42

Based on Poiseuille's Law with all other variables remaining the same: as length of the tube decreases what happens?

Back 42

Flow increases.

Front 43

Based on Poiseuille's Law with all other variables remaining the same: as the radius of a tube increases, what happens?

Back 43

Pressure decreases.

Front 44

Based on Poiseuille's Law with all other variables remaining the same: as the length of the tube increases, what happens?

Back 44

Pressure increases.

Front 45

What does 0.5-1.5 cm H2O/L/sec represent?

Back 45

Normal airway resistance in a healthy lung.

Front 46

Areas in the lung that have an increased airway resistance require what?

Back 46

More time to inflate.

Front 47

Lung regions that have an increased compliance require what?

Back 47

More time to inflate.

Front 48

Lung regions that have a decreased airway resistance require what?

Back 48

Less time to inflate.

Front 49

How is normal tidal volume (VT) estimated?

Back 49

3 ml/lb or 5 ml/kg.

Front 50

In the upright lung, ventilation is usually greater where?

Back 50

In the lower lung regions.

Front 51

When lung compliance decreases, the patient's ventilatory rate generally does what? And the Tidal Volume usually does what?

Back 51

Increases. Decreases.

Front 52

When airway resistance increases, the patient's ventilatory rate generally does what? and the Tidal Volume does what?

Back 52

Decreases. Increases.